WHAT IS

GIS ? ELEMENTS OF GIS HOW DOES GIS WORK ? GIS DATA APPLICATIONS OF GIS Objectives

system that is used to store, display, analyze, manage and capture data that are linked to location(s). It digitally creates and manipulates spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose or application oriented for which a specific GIS is developed. Hence a GIS developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise or purpose.

GIS is computer hardware and software

ELEMENTS OF GIS: The GIS has been divided into four elements: 1. Hardware: Type of Computer Platforms, Modest Personnel Computers, High performance workstations, Minicomputers, Mainframe computers, Input Devices, Scanners, Digitizers, Tape drivers, CD, Keyboard, Graphic Monitor, Output Devices, Plotters and Printers. 2. Software: Input Modules, Editing, MRP Manipulation/ Analysis Modules and Modeling Capability. 3. Data: Attribute Data, Spatial Data, Remote Sensing Data and Global Database. 4. Live ware: People responsible for digitizing, Implementing using GIS Trained personnel.

GIS DATA Majority time and efforts in GIS is spent on collecting, formatting and storing the source data. So it is important to understand the nature of the GIS data and collection methods. Two broad categories of GIS data are: 1. VECTOR 2. RATER

 Vector: In a GIS, real-world objects are

represented using either points, lines or polygons. The vector model is extremely useful for describing discrete features, but less useful for describing continuously varying features such as soil type or other details.

A simple vector map, using each of the vector elements: points for wells, lines for rivers, and a polygon for the lake.

 Raster: Raster data can be thought of as a

photograph. Commonly used raster data is aerial photos, satellite images, scanned images, scanned maps and digital elevation models. It is much more informative as compared to vector data.

HOW GIS WORKS !

The GIS workflow consists of following steps: 1. Data collection: To build any GIS, we need data.

The data is collected, converted into a convenient format and stored for use in subsequent processes. 2. Display and Analysis: The stored data is displayed and analyzed as per requirement. The data is displayed on a computer screen and the operator gives commands to perform analysis.

 3.

shared with the decision maker for the further action.

Sharing: The result of analysis needs to be

APPLICATIONS

GIS in hydrology

You can use GIS to study drainage systems, assess groundwater, and visualize watersheds, and in many other hydrologic applications

GIS in geology

Geologists use GIS every day in a wide variety of applications. You too can use GIS to study geologic features, analyze soils and strata, assess seismic information, or create 3dimensional displays of geographic features.

GIS in agriculture

GIS is used in a variety of agricultural applications such as managing crop yields, monitoring crop rotation techniques, and projecting soil loss for individual farms or entire agricultural regions.

GIS in forestry

Today, managing forests is becoming a more complex and demanding challenge. With GIS, foresters can easily see the forest as an ecosystem and manage it responsibly

GIS in transportation

GIS can be used to help you manage transportation infrastructure or help you manage your logistical problems. Whether monitoring rail systems and road conditions or finding the best way to deliver your goods or services, GIS can help you.

GIS in local government

People in local government use GIS every day to help them solve problems. Often the data collected and used by one agency or department can be used by another.

GIS in the environment

GIS is used every day to help protect the environment. As an environmental professional, you can use GIS to produce maps, inventory species, measure environmental impact, or trace pollutants. The environmental applications for GIS are almost endless.

GIS in the marketing analysis

GIS is used to realize operations like: Selling statistic analysis: The GIS can redisplay the complex statistic data in a concise, integrated way making the state of one or more phenomenon very clear.

Market analysis and selling prediction: Using GIS can transform the data that is originally stored in the table format or consumer information. Using GIS we can observe the sale marketing of every selling district by discovering the relationship among all the different kinds of data, make new market strategies like dividing the customer consuming clusters, adjusting the retail price and products selling direction.

Identifying locations for new outlets : With the help of GIS we will be able to get even the minute details that are important before opening any new outlet in particular location.

Advertisement: Using GIS maps enterprise can efficiently choose when and where to advertise.

OBJECTIVES OF GIS

Some of the main objectives of GIS are as follows: 1. Maximize the efficiency of planning and decision making. 2. Provide efficient means for data distribution and handling. 3. Elimination of redundant data base - minimize duplication. 4. Capacity to integrate information from many sources.

THANKS