5 Compounds and Their Bonds Study Goals

Using the octet rule, write the symbols for simple ions for the representative elements. Using charge balance, write the correct formula for an ionic formula. Given the formula of an ionic compound, write the correct name; given the name of an ionic compound, write the correct formula. Write the name and formula of a compound containing a polyatomic ion. Given the formula of a covalent compound, write its electron-dot formula (Lewis structure). Given the formula of a covalent compound, write its correct name; given the name of a covalent compound, write its formula. Use electronegativity to determine the polarity of a bond. Predict the three-dimensional structure of a molecule and classify it as polar or nonpolar. Describe the attractive forces between ions, polar molecules, and nonpolar molecules.

5.1 Octet Rule and Ions

The formation of ions (particles with a charge)

Positive ions Mn+ called cations Na+ Mg2+
atom loses electrons M Mn+ + n eMg + Mg2+ + 2 e-s Na sodium Negative ions Xn Na+ + 1 esodium ion cation P3Fe3+

called anions Cl O2atom gains electrons X + n e- XnP + 3 e-s P3Cl + 1 e- chlorine

Cl chlorine ion anion 2

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The charge is related to the stability associated with the noble gases.

[Ne] Stable State 8 valence e-s :. We write Na

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Na+

l e-

[Ne] 3s23p5

[Ar] stable state 8 valence e-s

The tendency for atoms to lose or gain e-s to acquire a noble gas electron configuration (8 valence electrons) is called the octet rule. Exception [He] 2 valence e-s. :. We write Cl + l e Cl-

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Ionic charge can be determined from the group number

Practice
How many e-s will the following elements need to lose or gain to fulfill the octet rule? N Al Na Cl Mg O

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Practice
What is the ionic charge developed by the following elements?

N Al Na Cl Mg O Fe

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When ionic particles react, they do so in a ratio that cancels their charge. This is what is referred to as charge balance. Na+ + Cl NaCl

(+1)
Mg2+ (+2) +

(-1)
2Cl (-2)

(0)
MgCl2 (0)

An easy way to find the subscripts in a formula is to cross-the-charges. Al3+ 2 Al203 Always keep the simplest ratio Mg2+ 2 0 22 023

Mg202
Mg0 AVC-CHEM-CH 8

cross-the-charges.

Na + 2

S 21

Na2S
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Practice
Write the formula of the ionic compound formed by the reaction of the following elements:

1.
2.

Calcium and chlorine

Magnesium and nitrogen

3.

Barium and oxygen

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5.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas

Metal 1st Unmodified if charge is fixed Na+ sodium Ag+ silver Modified if charge is variable Fe3+ iron (III) Pb4+ lead (IV)
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Non-metal 2nd Always modified -- ide Clchloride 02oxide P3phosphide

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Practice
Follow the steps to provide the name for Fe2O3 1. Name the cation Determine the charge of the cation from the anion Modify the name of the cation by adding the charge using Roman numerals in parentheses 2. Name the anion 3. Write the name cation 1st anion 2nd

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Practice
Fill in the blanks: Formula Ions cation anion ____ _____ Name

NaCl

sodium chloride

_____
_____ CaI2

K+

S2-

____________
magnesium oxide calcium iodide

____ _____ ____ _____

_____

Al3+

S2-

_____________

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5.4 Polyatomic Ions

A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms with an overall ionic charge.

nitrate ion.

sulfate ion

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Compounds containing polyatomic ions are named as ionic compounds. Na+ 2 Na2S04 Al3+ 2 Al2 (S04)3 SO423 Aluminum sulfate SO421 Sodium sulfate

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Practice
Fill in the blank: NaNO3 _______ NaOH _______ ____________________ potassium sulfate ____________________ iron(III) bicarbonate or iron(III) hydrogen carbonate (NH4)3PO4 ____________________

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5.5 Covalent Compounds

Covalent bonds form: Between two nonmetal atoms. When atoms share valence electrons to complete octets.

A duet for hydrogen (stable like helium He).

Denoted by a line

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Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

In a CH4, methane, molecule The central C atom shares 4 electrons to attain an octet.

Carbon dioxide .. .. : O: : C : : O: Hydrogen cyanide H : C : :: N:

.. :O

.. O:

N:
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Guide to Writing Electron-Dot Formulas (Lewis Structures)

STEP 1 Determine Total ve-s STEP 2 Draw a skeleton (connect the atoms with lines)

The order in which the atoms of a molecule are connected is called its constitution or connectivity.
The constitution of a molecule must be determined in order to write a Lewis structure.

STEP 3 Determine leftover ve-s = Total ve-s Used ve-s Det. needed ve-s to obtain octets STEP 4 If Lve-s = Nve-s good If not you have to form multiple bond (double or triple) STEP 5 Make sure all ve-s have been used and every atom has an octet.
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Electron-Dot Formula for NH3

1. Total ve-s = 8 From the group number N 5 H1x3=3 2. Skeleton H HNH 8-6=2 0+0+0+2=2

3. R =T-U Ne-s

Since you have what you need, you are done! H HNH

lone pair of electrons

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non-bonding e-s
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Writing Electron-Dot Formulas
Write the electron-dot formula for PCl3, phosphorus trichloride.

5.7

Single and Multiple Bonds

In a single bond One pair of electrons is shared. C C In a double bond, Two pairs of electrons are shared. C C In a triple bond. Three pairs of electrons are shared. C C
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In a nitrogen molecule, N2, The sharing of 3 sets of electrons is a multiple bond called a triple bond.

Seven elements form diatomic molecules.

Determining multiple bonds

Write the electron-dot formula for SO2.
STEP 1 Determine the total number of valence 1S(6e-) + 2O(6e-) = 18eSTEP 2 Skeleton STEP 3 O S O

leftover = T - U 18e- - 4 e- = 14 Needed = 6+4+6=16

STEP 4

Form a double bond

O S O

Repeat STEP 3

leftover = T - U 18e- - 6 e- = 12

Needed = 6+2+4=12 You have what you need, you are done! .. .. .. :O S O: ..
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Practice
Draw the electron-dot structure for SO3

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5.6 Naming and Writing Covalent Formulas

STEP 1 Name the first nonmetal by its element name. STEP 2 Name the second nonmetal with an -ide ending. STEP 3 Add prefixes to indicate the number (from subscripts) of atoms of each nonmetal. Mono is always omitted for the first element and usually omitted for the second one. Examples of compounds of N and O: NO nitrogen oxide NO2 nitrogen dioxide N2O dinitrogen oxide N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
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Naming Covalent Compounds What is the name of SO3? STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 The first nonmetal is S sulfur. The second nonmetal is O named oxide. The subscript 3 of O is shown as the prefix tri. SO3 sulfur trioxide The subscript 1(for S) or mono is understood.

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Practice

What is the name for P4S3

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Practice

Write the correct formula for each of the following: A. phosphorus pentachloride B. dinitrogen trioxide C. sulfur hexafluoride

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Practice
Identify each compound as ionic or covalent and give its correct name. A. SO3 B. BaCl2 C. (NH4)3PO4 D. Cu2CO3 E. N2O4

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5.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

Indicates the attraction of an atom for shared electrons.

Chapter 5 Compounds and Their Bonds

7. Which element is most electronegative?
a. b. c. d. N F O C

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Chapter 5 Compounds and Their Bonds

7. Which element is most electronegative?
a. N b. F c. O d. C

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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A nonpolar covalent bond Is an equal or almost equal sharing of electrons. Has almost no electronegativity difference (0.0 to 0.4).

Based on EN

Atoms N-N Cl-Br H-Si H-C

Electronegativity Difference 3.0 - 3.0 = 0.0 3.0 - 2.8 = 0.2 2.1 - 1.8 = 0.3 2.1 2.5 = 0.4

Type of Bond Nonpolar covalent Nonpolar covalent Nonpolar covalent Nonpolar covalent

Polar Covalent Bonds

A polar covalent bond Is an unequal sharing of electrons. Occurs between nonmetal atoms. Has a moderate electronegativity difference (0.5 to 1.7). Atoms
O-Cl Cl-C O-S

Electronegativity Difference 3.5 - 3.0 = 0.5 3.0 - 2.5 = 0.5 3.5 - 2.5 = 1.0
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Type of Bond
Polar covalent Polar covalent Polar covalent
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Ionic Bonds An ionic bond Occurs between metal and nonmetal ions. Is a result of electron transfer. Has a large electronegativity difference (1.8 or more). Examples: Atoms Electronegativity Difference Cl-K 3.0 0.8 = 2.2 N-Na 3.0 0.9 = 2.1 S-Cs 2.5 0.7 = 1.8
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Type of Bond Ionic Ionic Ionic

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Practice
Use the electronegativity difference to identify the type of bond between the following: nonpolar covalent (NP), polar covalent (P), or ionic (I).

A. B. C. D.

K-N N-O Cl-Cl H-Cl

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When charges separate in a neutral molecule, the molecule is said to be polar. The result is the formation of partial charges: The more electronegative atoms develops a partial negative charge, The less electronegative, a partial positive charge,

Stronger attraction for electrons due to its higher electronegativity

Chapter Five

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Chapter 5 Compounds and Their Bonds

8. Which compound contains a polar covalent bond?
a. b. c. d. HF NaF F2 H2

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Chapter 5 Compounds and Their Bonds

9. Which of the following would have the most polar bond?
a. b. c. d. Cl - Cl F - Cl F-I I - Br

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5.8 Shapes of Molecules

The three-dimensional shape of a molecule is the result of bonded groups and lone pairs of electrons around the central atom is predicted using the VSEPR theory (valence-shell-electron-pair repulsion) In the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), the electron groups around a central atom are arranged as far apart from each other as possible have the least amount of repulsion of the negatively charged electrons have a geometry around the central atom that determines molecular shape

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Four Electron Groups

In a molecule of CH4, there are four electron groups around C repulsion is minimized by placing four electron groups at angles of 109, which is a tetrahedral arrangement the four bonded atoms form a tetrahedral shape

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Three Bonding Atoms and One Lone Pair

In a molecule of NH3, three electron groups bond to H atoms, and the fourth one is a lone (nonbonding) pair repulsion is minimized with 4 electron groups in a tetrahedral arrangement the three bonded atoms form a pyramidal (~109) shape

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Two Bonding Atoms and Two Lone Pairs

In a molecule of H2O, two electron groups are bonded to H atoms and two are lone pairs (4 electron groups) four electron groups minimize repulsion in a tetrahedral arrangement the shape with two bonded atoms is bent (~109)

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Two Electron Groups with Double Bonds

In a molecule of CO2, there are two electron groups bonded to C (electrons in each double bond are counted as one group) repulsion is minimized with the double bonds opposite each other at 180 the shape of the molecule is linear

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Three Electron Groups

In a molecule of BF3, three electron groups are bonded to the central atom B (B is an exception to the octet rule) .. : F: .. .. .. :F:B:F: .. .. repulsion is minimized with 3 electron groups at angles of 120 the shape is trigonal planar

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Predicting Shapes
Use VSEPR theory to predict the shape of the following molecules: a. PH3 b. H2Se

5.13

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Chapter 5 Compounds and Their Bonds

10. The SO3 molecule is:
a. Trigonal planar b. bent c. Tetrahedral d. Pyramidal

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5.8 Polarity of Molecules

A polar molecule contains polar bonds has a separation of positive and negative charge called a dipole, indicated with + and + HCl dipole has dipoles that do not cancel HNH H

dipoles do not cancel

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Nonpolar Molecules A nonpolar molecule contains nonpolar bonds ClCl HH or has a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds

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Determining Molecular Polarity Determine the polarity of the H2O molecule. Solution: The four electron groups of oxygen are bonded to two H atoms. Thus the H2O molecule has a net dipole, which makes it a polar molecule.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Polarity of Molecules
Determine whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: a. SiCl4 b. OF2

5.14

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Practice
Determine the shape of each of the following molecules and whether they are polar or nonpolar. Explain. A. PBr3 B. HBr C. Br2 D. SiBr4

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5.9 Attractive Forces in Compounds

DipoleDipole Attractions Present in polar molecules and exert attractive forces called dipole-dipole attractions form strong dipole attractions called hydrogen bonds between hydrogen atoms bonded to F, O, or N, and other atoms that are very electronegative

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Dispersion Forces Dispersion forces are weak attractions between nonpolar molecules caused by temporary dipoles that develop when electrons are not distributed equally

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Comparison of Bonding and Attractive Forces

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Attractive Forces Between Particles
Indicate the major type of molecular interaction expected of each of the following:
1. dipoledipole attractions a. HF b. I2 c. PCl3 2. hydrogen bonding 3. dispersion forces

5.15

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Practice
Identify the main type of attractive forces for each: 1) ionic 2) dipoledipole 3) hydrogen bonds 4) dispersion A. NCl3 B. H2O C. BrBr D. KCl E. NH3

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