What is a supervision?

Supervision is a teaching learning process which provides constant observation, monitoring, evaluation, guidance to workers to enable them to perform their activities effectively and efficiently maintaining required standards.

 Supervision is that phase of management which undertakes direct face to face oversight of task assigned to a small group in order to assure correct and adequate performance. TEEK

CONCEPT OF SUPERVISION
Supervision is the art of overseeing, watching and directing with authority, the work and behaviour of others
In the early concept it was autocratic and inspection In the modern concept it is scientific, democratic and creative.

 Supervision either as guidance or working together for common goals. Supervision is one of the most important management functions in an organization In a scalar system each level in the hierarchical organization is subject to the supervisor of the immediately above level and each employee is subject to the control of immediate superior person

 The modern concept of supervision is to guide and help the subordinates in their work by way of training, checking, individual counseling and guidance Purpose of supervision is to inspect, evaluate and improve workers performance

OBJECTIVES OF SUPERVISION
To persist in the delivery of high quality of nursing services To plan services co-operatively and to develop co-ordination to avoid overlapping To develop standards of nursing care and methods of evaluation of nursing care and nursing personnel.

 To assist and to help in the development of the staff to their highest potential. To assist in problem solving of the matters concerning the administration and the operation of nursing services To evaluate the services given, personnel performance, progress made, etc... and to suggest changes for improving the work effectively and the outcome of the personnel.

TYPES OF SUPERVISION
Direct supervision Indirect supervision

PRINCIPLES OF SUPERVISION
Supervision should not be overburdened to any individual or group Supervisors should create atmosphere of cordiality and mutual trust. Supervisors should be planned and adopted to the changing conditions Supervision must possess sound professional knowledge.

Supervision to be exercised without giving subordinates a sense that they are being supervised Supervisors strives to make the unit a good learning situation Supervision should foster the ability of each staffmember to think and act for herself/ himself. Supervision should encourage workers participation in decision making.

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Supervision needs good communications.

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Supervision is a process of co-operation and coordination.
Supervision should create suitable climate for productive work. Supervision should give autonomy to workers depending from personality, competence and characteristics. Supervision should respect the personality of the staff.

Supervision should stimulate the workers/ staff ambitions to grow and development. Supervision is responsible for checking and guidance.

Good leadership is part of good supervision

Human behaviour with due consideration to human weakness.

METHODS OF SUPERVISION Co-operative vs authoritarian

Technical vs creative

Scientific vs intuitive

TECHNIQUES OF SUPERVISION

Observation Eg. Ward rounds Interview and questioning Individual and group conferences Performance evaluation- self evaluation ,peer evaluation, supervisors evaluation, evaluation by general public. Verbal and written reports anecdotal reports, critical incident reports, confidential reports etc.

 Orientation and guided experience Manuals and protocols In service education programme Continuing education

Supervision of Graduate Staff Nurse The head nurse plans a variety of experience for the staff nurse like the formal ward teaching programmes. Group conferences with staff nurses for discussing new developments in medical care and progress in nursing care. Individual conferences with staff nurse held to evaluate the quality of their work. Anecdotal records kept by the nurse herself and by the head nurse.

Supervision of for student nurses

Initial conferences Control of experience Assistance with bedside Reassurance Supervision of nursing procedure Conferences

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Supervision of for student nurses

Anecdotal records Incidental teaching as a method of supervision Answering and asking question Demonstration of desirable performance Positive suggestions Making an opportunity for observation of unusual symptoms

FACTORS OF EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION

Human relationship skill

Technical job knowledge

Knowledge of organization Proper leadership

Favourable work climate

Functions of a Supervision
Orientation of the new staff Assessment of the workload of the individual and groups Arranging for the flow of materials Co-ordination of the efforts Promotion of effectiveness of workers Promotion of social contact within the work team

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Functions of supervision
Helping individuals to cope with their personal problems Facilitating the flow of communication Raising the level of motivation Establishment of control Development of confidence Emphasis on achievement Record keeping

QUALITIES OF A GOOD SUPERVISOR Competent Honest Good Patience Independent Good leader Good technical skill Maintain interest in good nursing care Promote good public relations Updated knowledge Should have human approach to human problem

AREAS OF SUPERVISION A. Patient care

Four Elements
Assessment of the situation
Directing nursing care Planning a programme for the implementation of patient care. Starting the programme

Ctd AREAS OF SUPERVISON B. Supervision of the personnel

Supervision of staff nurses
The type of supervision depends upon the leadership styles of the head nurse. Assign the duties and responsibilities with no overlapping Consider each worker as an individual Consider the total work load assigned to individual workers

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Periodical evaluation of the performance of each worker is essential The participation of the staff nurse is cooperative plan for the improvement of nursing in the ward Participation in the formulation of ward policy Group conferences with staff nurses to discuss the new developments in medical care and to consider the progress Individual conferences with staff members to evaluate the quality of their work

Supervision of nursing students

Initial conferences Control of early experiences Assistance with bedside care Reassurance Supervision of nursing procedure Conferences

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AREAS OF SUPERVISION
C. Providing supplies and equipment D. Supervision of physical environment E. Ward rounds

EVALUATION OF SUPERVISION