CMP 101 Fundamentals of Computer and programming in C

Professor Pervez Ahmed Ph. D. Computer Science (1986) Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

Revision: You must remember and comprehend the following terms

Compute:- Calculate (Perform arithmetic and logical operations) Computer:- A device that computes and stores, processes, and retrieves data. Here process data means produces information from data. Hence, it is referred to as data processor. Computing:- Use computers to perform a task.

Revision: You must remember and comprehend the following terms

Data processing Task means capturing input data, organizing captured data, processing the organized data to produce information, and displaying the information and related data in a human defined suitable format.

What characteristics computers have?

Automatic: It is automatic because a computer works by itself without much human intervention. Speed :As compared to human, a computer works at a very high speed. Speed is measured in millisecond (10-3) but in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), picoseconds (10-12). A computer can perform several billions (109) operations like +, -, / per second.

What characteristics computers have?

Accuracy : Computers are very accurate but accuracy depends on their hardware and software design, and the correctness of the input data. Remember! Garbage in garbage out. Diligence: Computers work diligently meaning they perform their task , from start to end, with uniform accuracy and speed.

What characteristics computers have?

Versatility: Computers are versatile because they can perform different types of tasks. Power of remembering: Computers can store and recall (retrieve) a large number of data and extract information from them. No I.Q. (intelligence quotient): Computers do not have intelligence yet. No Feeling or emotions: Computers do not have feeling or emotions yet.

Computers Evolution
Year
1642 1671 1880

Machine
Mechanical adding machine First calculator for multiplication Keyboard machines

Inventor
Pascal B. (France) Leibniz B. G. W. (Germany) USA. Hollerith H. , USA Charles Babbage Howard A. Aiken

1880- Punch card 1970 1882 Difference Engine to produce table. 1937- Mark I Computer: Automatic Sequence Controlled 44 Calculator. It was an electromechanical device. Size: 5 long and 8 high Switches: 3000 switches to control its operations. Operations: + (0.3 Sec.) , -, (4.5 Sec.), and table reference. Max number size: 23 digit long numbers. 1939- Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) : 42 Vacuum tubes: 45 for internal logic Capacitors : for Storage.

Dr. John Atanasoff

Computers Evolution
Year Computer Inventor A Team lead by J. Presper Eckert and John Machuly 1943- ENIAC: The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator. 46 Type: Electronic Vacuum Tube: 18,000 Speed: + (200 microsecond) and (2000 microsecond) Programming: Hardwired (analog) 1946- EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. 52 Similarities: Hardware was almost similar to ENIAC computer. Differences: Programming was using stored program in which data and instructions were stored in binary (0 or 1). 1947- EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator 49 Speed: + (1500 microsecond) and (400 0 microsecond) 1951 UNIVAC I: Universal Automatic Computer. The fist digital computer. It operated for 10 days continuously. The first business use.

Dr. John Von Neuman introduced the idea of stored program. (USA) Prof. Maurice Wilkes, Cambridge University, UK USA

Computers Evolution
Year
1953

Computer
IBM 650 Sold over 1000 computers

Inventor
IBM

Computer Generations
Generation
A leap into hardware and software development.
Core

Vacuum tube

Integrated Circuit

Transistors

Computer Generations
First Generation (1942-55)
They were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They were too Bulky. They used thousands of vacuum tubes. They generated a lot of heat. They consumed a lot of power. Their hardware failed frequently because the vacuum tube filament failure. They required frequent maintenance due to low-mean time between failure. Their commercial production was difficult . Hardwired programming was used to program them.

Computer Generations
Second Generation (1955-1964) In these computers transistors replaced the vacuum tube. Transistors made them ten times faster than Ist generation computers. They should be kept air-conditioned room. They consumed power less than 1st generation computers. They were realizable and less prone to failure. They had larger and faster primary & secondary memories. They were easier to program using programming language (FORTRAN, COBOL, RPG, ALGOL, SNOBOL, ) Commercial production was difficult. They used batch operating systems. They had increased commercial use.

Computer Generations
Third Generation (1964-75)
They performed more than a million instructions per second. They were of smaller size. They needed air-conditioned rooms. The consumes less power. They were very reliable and needed less maintenance. They had larger and faster primary and secondary memories. They were general purpose computers (scientific and commercial use). Their commercial production was easier and cheaper. There software were portable. They used timesharing operating systems. They supported Interactive usage. They supported on-line computing. Timesharing improved the programmers productivity. Supported unbundling of hardware and software. Minicomputers were introduced.

Computer Generations
Fourth Generation (1975-89)
Personal computers (PC) were smaller. Mainframe were more powerful. No AC for PC. Much less power consumption. Extremely reliable. Much faster and bigger primary and secondary memory. Totally general purpose. Much easier production Portable software. Used Graphical Interface (GUI),

Office and home computing. They were networked so allowed distributed computing. Allowed ad-on hardware and software. Their affordability allowed individual ownership.

Computer Generations
Fifth Generation (1989- Present)
Portable PC (Notebook and laptops) Desktop and workstation PC. More faster mainframe computers. PCs and laptops operate at room temperature. They consume optimal power. Extremely reliable and very fast. Hot-pluggable feature (replace parts without shutting down) Truly general purpose, They are automatically production. Portable software. More user-friendly. Very versatile as they can be used almost in every walk of the life. Internet-based computing. Unbundled software and ad on hardware. True user friendly as they are being used by a variety of users ranging from a child to a scientist.

Computer Generations
Gens. Period First 1937-55 Key Hardware Technologies Vacuum tube; Electromagnetic relay memory; Punch card secondary storage. Magnetic core (main) memory, Magnetic tape and disk secondary storage. Key Software Technologies Hardwired, Machine and assembly Language Programming. Scientific and commercial applications. Batch operating system (OS); High level programming language; Scientific and commercial applications. Time Sharing OS. Standardization of high level languages, unbundling (separation) of software from hardware. Key Characteristics Bulky, unreliable, limited commercial use, difficult to manufacture, costly, and difficult to use. Faster, smaller, reliable, easier to program, difficult to manufacture, costly, and difficult to use. Faster, smaller, reliable, easier and cheaper to produce. Easier to program and upgrade. Scientific, commercial and interactive on-line applications. representative Systems ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 650, 701

Second 1955-64

Honeywell 400, IBM 7030, CDC 1604, UNIVAC LARC

Third 1964-75

ICs with SSI (Small Scale Integration), MSI (Medium scale Integration) technologies. Larger Mgc. Core memory. Larger capacity disk and tape secondary storage.

IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CDC 6600

Computer Generations
Gens. Period Fourth 1975-89 Key Hardware Technologies ICs with VLSI technologies; Microprocessor; Semiconductor memory; Larger capacity hard disks as in-built secondary storage; magnetic tape and floppy disk as portable media; CRT monitor; personal computers; computer networks. ICs with ULSI Tec; Larger capacity main memory; larger capacity hard disks, Optical disks as read and write portable media; Laptop and notebook computers; powerful desktops and workstations; Very powerful mainframes; Internet; Network computing. ? Key Software Technologies PC Os; GUI; Multiple windows on a single monitor screen; UNIX operating System; C programming language; PC based and Network based applications. Key Characteristics Small, affordable, reliable and affordable PCs; more powerful and reliable mainframe systems; totally general purpose machines; easier to produce commercially. representative Systems IBM PC and irs colons; APPLE II; TRS 80; VAX 9000,CRAY-I, II and CRAY X/MP.

Fifth 1989Present

Word Wide Web (WWW); Multimedia and Internet based applications.

Portable computers; more powerful, reliable and easy to use desktop machines; vary powerful mainframes; very high uptime; totally general purpose computers; easier to produce commercially. ?

IBM notebooks; Pentium PC; SUN Workstations; IBM SP/2, SGI (Silicon graphics Industries) Origin 2000, PARAM 10000

Next

Questions
What is computer? Why is it also called as data processor? What is data processing? What is data? What is information? What are some characteristics of a computer? What is the meaning of garbage in-garbageout? What is stored program concept? What is millisecond? What is nanosecond? What is batch processing? What is on-line processing? What is vacuum tube? What is unbundling of software? What is computer versatility?

What is meant by generations of a computer? What is vacuum tube? What is transistor? What is VLSI? What is IC? What is SSI? What is MSI? What LSI? What is ULSI? What is microprocessor? What is microsecond? What is picoseconds? What is assembly language? What is hardwired programming? What is core memory? What is diligence in computers?

Questions
What would be the characteristics of the future generation computers ? What lessons did you learn by studying the topic on computer generations?

Resources
Computer Dictionary ar http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/ Integrated circuit. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPw Core memory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memory Vacuum tube is a glass tube surrounding a vacuum. When electrical contacts are put on the ends, then current flows though the vacuum. It's purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch. A Transistor is an semiconductor which is a fundamental component in almost all electronic devices. A transistor acts as a switch which can open and close many times per second. transistors are typically made of silicon and so they are very cheap to produce and purchase. A capacitor is an electronic component which is used in a wide variety of circuit applications due to its ability to store charge.