Total Differentiation

DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPOSITE FUNCTION

Let z = f(x,y)
Possesses continuous partial derivatives and let
x = g (t)
Y= h(t)
Possess continuous derivatives



Then,


. .
dz z x z y
dt x t y t
o o o o
o o o o
= +
CHANGE OF VARIABLES
Let z=f(x,y)......................(1)
Possess continuous first order partial derivatives w.r.t. x,y.
Let x = (u,v) and y = (u,v)
Possesses continuous first order partial derivatives. We write,
=
z
u
|
c c
c
. . .............................(2)
= . . .............................(3)
Now, solve equation (2) and (3) as simultaneously linear equations
in and . This wil
z x z y
x u y u
z z x z y
v x v y v
z z
x y
c c c
+
c c c c
c c c c c
+
c c c c c
c c
c c
l give us expressions for and in terms
of , and the easily determined quantities , , , .
z z
x y
z z x x y y
u v u v u v
c c
c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
Differentiation of Implicit Function
Let f(x,y) = 0 defines y as a function of x implicitly.
We shall obtain the value of in terms of the partial derivatives
and .
Since f(x,y) is a function of x and y and y is function of x,
dy
dx
f f
x y
c c
c c
therefore
we can look upon f(x,y) as a composite function of x.
f f
= . .
f f
0 . ...........................( )
-
df dx dy
dx x dx y dx
dy
i
x y dx
dy f x
dx f y
c c
+
c c
c c
= +
c c
c c
=
c c
( )
1
2 2
2 2
y
Example 1: If x = tan , prove that
x
x dy - y dx
dz =
x + y
Solution: We know that,
dz = . .
1
But, .
1

z z
dx dy
x y
z y
y x
y x

| |
|
\ .
c c
+
c c
c
| |
=
|
c
\ . +
2 2
=
x + y

y
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
and =
1
x + y
dz =
x + y x + y
xdy - ydx
=
x + y
z x
y
y x
x
y x
dx dy
c
c
+
=

+
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2: Find dz/dt when
z=xy , x=at , y = 2at
Verify by direct substitution.
Solution. We have
z= xy
2 and 2
2 and 2
= . .
Example
x y
x y
z z
y xy x xy
x y
dx dy
at a
dt dt
dz z dx z dy
dt x dt y dt
+
+
c c
= + = +
c c
= =
c c
+
c c
2 2
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 4
3 3 4
2 2
3 5 3 4 3 3 4
( 2 ).2 (2 ).2
(4 4 ).2 (4 ).2
(16 10 )
,
2 4 (16 10 )
Hence the verification
y xy at xy x a
a t a t at a t a t a
a t t
Again
z x y xy
a t a t a t t
= + + +
= + + +
= +
= +
= + +
2 2
2
Example 3: If z=x and y=z , then find the differential co-
efficient of the first order when x is the independent variable.
Solution: dz=
Since z=x 2 , 1
Thus, dz=2xdx+dx+2z
y x
z z
dx dy
x y
z z
y x
x y
+ +
c c
+
c c
c c
+ = =
c c
dz
dz(1-2z) = dx(2x+1)
dz (2x+1)

dx (1-2z)
, 2 (2 ) (1 4 ) 2
(1 2 ) (1 4 )
(1 4 )
(1 2 )
Also dy dx z xdx dy dx xz zdy
dy z dx xz
dy xz
dx z

=
= + + = + +
= +
+
=

Example 4: z is a function of x and y, prove that if x = e

u
+ e
-v
,
y = e
-u
+ e
-v
then
z z z z
x y
du dv dx dy
c c c c
=
Solution: z is a composite function of u, v. we have

z z z z
x y
du dv dx dy
c c c c
=



. .
u u
z z
e y e
dx dy

c c
=

. .
= - . .
v v
z z x z y
dv dx dv dy dv
z z
e e
dx dy

c c c c c
= +
c c

Subtracting, we get

( ) ( )
= x
u v u v
z z z z
e e e e
du dv dx dy
z z
y
dx dy

c c c c
= +
c c

Example 5: If z = e
x
sin y, where x = In t and y = t
2
, then find
dz
dt

Solution: We know that,

. .
dz z dx z dy
dt x dt y dt
c c
= +
c c
But ,

sin ,
x
z
e y
x
c
=
c

2
cos ,
1
and 2
1
sin . ( cos )2
= (sin 2 cos )
x
x x
x
z
e y
y
dx dy
t
dt t dt
dz
e y e y t
dt t
e
y t y
t
c
=
c
= =
= +
+
Example 6: If H = f(y-z, z-x, x-y), prove that

0
H H H
x y z
c c c
+ + =
c c c
Solution: Let, u = y-z, v = z-x, w = x-y
H = f(u,v,w)
H is a composite function of x,y,z.
We have,

. . .
= .0 .( 1) .1
=-
H H u H v H w
x u x v x w x
H H H
u v w
H H
v w
c c c c c c c
= + +
c c c c c c c
c c c
+ +
c c c
c c
+
c c
Similarly,

H H H
y w u
H H H
z u v
c c c
= +
c c c
c c c
= +
c c c
Adding all the above, we get

0
H H H
x y z
c c c
+ + =
c c c
Example 7: If x = r cos, y = r sin and V=f(x,y), then show that

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
.
V V V V V
x y r r r r u
c c c c c
+ = + +
c c c c c
Solution: We have, x = r cos, y = r sin

cos . sin ..................( )
dy=sin .dx+sin . ...............( )
dx dr r i
and dy ii
u u
u u
=
Solving (i) and (ii) as simultaneous linear equations in dr and d, we get
Dr = cos.dx + sin. dy (iii)

1
(cos . sin . ).....................( )
, dr = ....................( )
.....................( )
d dy dx iv
r
r r
Now dx dy v
x y
and d dx dy vi
x y
u u u
u u
u
=
c c
+
c c
c c
= +
c c
Comparing (iii) and (v), we get

cos , sin
r r
x y
u u
c c
= =
c c
Comparing (iv) and (vi), we get

1 1
sin , cos
x r y r
u u
u u
c c
= =
c c
Thus,
. .
1
=cos . sin
1
= cos . sin ..................( )
v v r v
x r x x
v v
r r
v vii
r r
u
u
u u
u
u u
u
c c c c c
= +
c c c c c
c c

c c
c c
| |

|
c c
\ .
Similarly, . .
1
=cos . sin
1
= sin . cos ..................( )
v v r v
y r y y
v v
r r
v viii
r r
u
u
u u
u
u u
u
c c c c c
= +
c c c c c
c c

c c
c c
| |
+
|
c c
\ .
It follows that from (vii)

2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1
cos . sin . cos . sin .
1 1 sin
=cos sin .cos . sin .cos .
1 1
sin sin .cos ...................( )
V v v
x r r r r
V V V V
r r r r r r r
V V
ix
r r
u u u u
u u
u
u u u u u
u u
u u u
u u
c c c c c
| || |
=
| |
c c c c c
\ .\ .
c c c c
+
c c c c c c
c c
+ +
c c
Similarly from (viii) it follows that
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1
sin . cos . sin . cos .
1 1 cos
=sin sin .cos . sin .cos .
1 1
cos sin .cos ...................( )
V v v
y r r r r
V V V V
r r r r r r r
V V
x
r r
u u u u
u u
u
u u u u u
u u
u u u
u u
c c c c c
| || |
= + +
| |
c c c c c
\ .\ .
c c c c
+ + +
c c c c c c
c c
+
c c
Adding (ix) and (x), we get
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1
cos sin cos sin
1
+ cos sin
1 1
= . .
V V V V
x y r r
V
r r
V V V
r r r r
u u u u
u
u u
u
c c c c
+ = + + +
c c c c
c
+
c
c c c
+ +
c c c
1. If z = x
m
y
n
, then prove that

dz dx dy
m n
z x y
= +
2. If u = x
2
-y
2
, x=2r-3s+4, y=-r+8s-5, find / u r c c
3. If x=r cos, y=r sin, then show that
(i) dx = cos.dr-r sin.d
(ii) dy = sin.dr+r.cos.d
Deduce that
(i)dx
2
+dy
2
=dr
2
+r
2
d
2

(ii)xdy-ydx=r
2
.d
4. If z=(cosy)/x and x=u
2
-v, y=e
V
, find
/ z v c c
5. If z=x
2
+y and y=z
2
+x, find differential co-efficients of the first
order when
(i)y is the independent variable.
(ii)z is the independent variable.
Exercise
6. If
sin cos cos
, , /
cos sin sin
u y x
z u v find z x
v x y
= = = c c


7. If
1
tan log , , .
t
y dz
z where x t y e find
x dt

= = =
8. If u = (x+y)/(1-xy), x=tan(2r-s
2
), y=cot(r
2
s) then find

9. If z=x
2
-y
2
, where x=e
t
cost, y=e
t
sint, find dz/dt.

10. If z=xyf(x,y) and z is constant, show that

'( / ) [ ( / )]
( / ) [ ( / )]
f y x x y x dy dx
f y x y y x dy dx
+
=

11. Find and if z=u

2
+v
2
+w
2
, where u=ye
x
,
y=xe
-y
, w=y/x.
/ z x c c
/ z y c c
12. If f(x,y)=0, (y,z)=0, show that

. . .
f z f
y z x x y
| | c c c c c
=
c c c c c
13. If z=e
ax+by
f(ax-by), prove that

2 .
z z
b a abz
x y
c c
+ =
c c
14. If
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 x y y x a + =
, show that
( )
2
3/ 2 2
2
1
d y a
dx
x
=

15. Find dy/dx if

(i) x
4
+y
4
=5a
2
axy.
(ii) x
y
+y
x
=(x+y)
x+y