ANAEROBIOSIS

Anaerobiosis is the process of anaerobic respiration or breakdown of glucose with the production energy in the absence of oxygen

ANAEROBIOSIS IN ANIMALS
In human beings,anaerobic respiration occurs in muscles that are active contracting and the supply of oxygen is not enough.This occurs temporarily for a short period of time.Prolong anaerobic respiration in muscles results in cram. Its biochemistry is as follow: Glycolisis occurs like that in the plants and Krebs cycle cannot take place too. In animals,the accumulation of pyruvate stimulates the enzyme that changes it straight to lactate.A certain amount of lactate is always produce during exercise.

a)
b)

ANAEROBIOSIS IN PLANTS
The process is same as in yeast which is facultative anaerobe or in clostridium botulinum, which is an obligate anaerobe.The process is also known as fermentation. In flowering plants,it occurs in the fast germinating seeds,storage organs like tuber,fruits or roots when the supply of oxygen is not enough.

 Its biochemistry as follows: a) Initially,glycolysis takes place as in aerobic respiration and produce the pyruvate b) Krebs cycle cannot occur.When there is no oxygen,oxidative phosphorylation cannot occurs.There is no NAD+ as it is in the form NADH and not oxidised.Pyruvate cannot undergo oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl coenzyme A to enter the krebs cycle. c) Ethanol is produced.The pyruvate accumulates and stimulate the production the enzyme that converts its to ethanal and CO2.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANAEROBIOSIS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

ANAEROBIOSIS OF PLANTS It occurs in root, seed storage organs like tuber. It occurs when roots are submerged or oxygen supply decreases. ANAEROBIOSIS IN ANIMALS It occurs in skeletal muscles especially leg muscles It occurs when muscles are active contracting

Organs involved

When

CO2 formed It is formed from decarboxylation of pyruvate Number of reaction steps Glycolysis forms pyruvate,then to ethanal and ethanol

No CO2 formed

Glycolysis forms pyruvate and straight to lactate Lactate is acidic, would not kill cell and is still useful.

End product Ethanol is poisonous and kills cells and of no use to plants

Process useful or harmful

It is harmful to plants and plays little part in obtaining energy

It is useful to sustain muscle contraction

Recycle of Only when end product ethanol is very low and if cell is still alive Abnormal or It is an abnormal normal process and not process part of daily occurrence

Lactate is recycled to form glucose or glycogen It is a normal process, part of daily occurrence

USES OF FERMENTATION IN INDUSTRIES

Production of alcoholic beverages -rice wine(samsu) is fermented from cooked rice -beer is fermented from malt -wine is fermented from grapes -whisky is fermented from wheat Cooked rice is first fermented to form alcohol and later aerated to form acetic (ethanoic) acid Yeast can be used to extract vitamins especially vitamin B complex

Production of vinegar Production of vitamin

Making bread and spongy cookies

Starchy dough mixed with yeast is left to ferment where CO2 is released and makes the dough rise when heated

It is used in the production of soya sauce It is used to produce cheese and yogurt

Cooked soya beans are left to ferment with salt and the liquid forms the sauce. Coagulated milk protein added with Lactobacillus will be converted into cheese. Milk added with the bacteria is used to produce yogurt.

It is used to Starch is fermented with a special produce MSG strain of fungus and the MSG is refined and used as food additive.

It is used in the production of singlecelled protein and amino acids It is used in the production of medications.

Yeast can be extracted to form single celled protein. The protein can be digested by enzymes to form amino acids. Antibiotics are produced by fungi. Transgenic bacteria can be cultured to produced specific therapeutic proteins e.g insulin.

Biology itu mudah macam minum air masakgood luck .