SUBMITTED TO:PUSHPENDRA SINGH H.O.D. ELECTRICAL DEPT., B.S.E.

T, JAIPUR

SUBMITTED BY:- RAHUL TANWAR ELECTRICAL DEPT. 08EBNEE043 B-SET ,JAIPUR

CONTENTS
Introduction
Construction of P.T Circuit diagram

Phasor diagram
High voltage P.T Error in P.T Reduction of error in P.T. Characteristics of P.T.

1 3 5 7 8 9 10 11

 POTINTIAL TRANSFORMER
P.T. are used to operate voltmeters. The normal secondary voltage rating is 110v. The P.T. may be considered as parallel transformer with

its secondary winding operating nearly under open circuit conditions. The primary winding current in a P.T. certainly depends upon the secondary circuit burden. In a P.T. full line voltage is impressed upon its terminal. Under normal operation the line voltage is nearly constant and, therefore, the flux density and hence the exciting current of a P.T. varies only over a restricted range

POTINTIAL TRANSFORMER
The power loading of a P.T. is a very small and consequently the exciting current is of the same order as the secondary winding current while in a power transformer the exciting current is a very small fraction of secondary winding load current.

 Construction of P.T
P.T. has larger core and conductor sizes.

The output of a P.T is always small and the size is quit larger.
The temperature rise is small and hence there are no

thermal problems caused by overloads as in power transformer. The load range from 2 to 3 times for low voltage P.T and up to 30 or more times for same high voltage transformer.

Construction of P.T.
CORE: The core may be of small or core type of

construction. WINDINGS: The primary and secondary winding are coaxial to reduce the leakage reactance to minimum. INSULATION: Cotton tape and varnished cambric are used as insulation for coil construction. Hard fiber separators are used between coil. BUSHINGS: Oil filled bushings are usually used for oil filled P.T as this minimizes the overall size of the transformer.

Equivalent circuit of P.T

Single phase P.T.

 Phasor diagram of a P.T

High voltage P.T.

Conventional type P.T used for high voltages of 100kv and

above, are very large in size and costly to build because of insulation requirements. Exe. A 110kv P.T has an overall height of about 7.5 metre and weight nearly 5 tones. Insulating casing: Moulded rubber potential transformer: Cascaded transformers:

Errors in P.T.
Ratio (Voltage) error: The actual ratio of transformation varies

with operations and the errorin secondary voltage may be defined as: % Ratio error = Kn-R*100/R. Phase angle error: In an ideal voltage transformer there should not be any phase difference between winding voltage and the secondary winding voltage reversed. However, in an actual transformer there exists a phase difference between Vp and Vs reversed. Phase angle =(Is/n) *(Xi cos - Ri sin) + (*Ie Xp Im Rp)/nVs. = (Is/Vs)* (Xs cos - Rs sin)+(Ie Xp Im Rp)/nVs

Reduction of errors in P.T.

Reduction of magnetising and loss components: A

considerable improvement in the performance can be made by reducing the value of Im and Ie. Such a reduction requires short magnetic path, good quality core material, low flux density in core and suitable precautions in the assembly and interleaving of core. Reduction of resistance and leakage reactance: Winding resistance can be minimized by using thick conductors and by adopting the smallest length of mean turn. Turn compensation: At no load the actual ratio exceeds the turn ratio by an amount (IeRp+ImXp)/Vs.

Characteristics of P.T
Effect of secondary current or VA: If we increase the

secondary current is increased, and therefore, the primary current increase. Effect of power factor of secondary burden: If the power factor of secondary circuit burden is reduced, angle is increased. This makes current Ip to shift toward current Io. The voltage Vp and Vs come more nearly in to phase with Ep and Es respectively since the voltage drop are almost constant. The result is an increase in Vp relative to Ep. But Vp is constant and, therefore , Ep reduce relative to Vp.

Characteristics of P.T.
Effect of frequency: For a constant voltage, the flux is

inversely proportional to frequency. Increase in frequency reduces the flux and, therefore, Im and Ie are decreased and, therefore, the voltage ratio decrease. Effect of primary voltage: There is no wide variation of supply voltage to which the primary winding of the P.T. is connected.

REFERENCES
A.K Sawhney (2009), ISBN o-81-770-016-0. EXTERNAL LINK http://en.wikipedia.org/

Potential Transformer