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Class
I II III IV
Description
Asymptomatic Symptoms with ordinary activity, no symptom at rest Symptoms with minimal activity, no symptom at rest Symptoms at rest
Normal left atrial pressure is 8 . Note in mitral stenosis it is 25/14. way high. Left atrial has to squeeze hard through a tight hole less LV filling
Features
MITRAL STENOSIS
Delayed complication of RHD , may occur 15-20 years after RF Narrowing of the mitral valve rise in left atrial pressure which is transmitted to the pulmonary venous system Normal left ventricle
Symptoms
Dyspnea, orthopnea , PND (due to pul. congestion) backup Hemoptysis A. fib embolization
PE
Loud S1 Opening snap Loud P2 Low pitched late diastolic murmur (mid diastolic murmur) LA >> LV pressure during diastole
Medical therapy
Diuretics for pulmonary congestion Digoxin Anticoagulant
Surgical replacement
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10
Mitral Regurgitation
Causes
RHD Mitral valve prolapse Infective endocarditis Papillary muscle dysfunction (D3 post MI)
Pathophysiology
Left ventricular stroke volume is pumped backward into the left atrium causing left atrial pressure, CO
Symptoms
Due to backward regurgitant flow: dyspnea, orthopnea , PND
11
Diagnosis
EKG: left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy Cx: enlarge left atrium Echo: may show ruptured chordae Cath: large v wave
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Surgical replacement
13
Spinal and epidural anesthetics are well tolerated but bradycardia must be avoided
14
Features
Most frequent valvular lesion, especially in of younger women Redundancy and elongation of the chordae of the mitral valve Sudden tension produces the mid-diastolic click Abnormal closure of the valve produces the murmur of mitral regurgitation holosystolic murmur
Clinical Features
Most are asymptomatic Atypical chest pain, tachyarrhythmia Infective endocarditis Murmurs are accentuated by rising from supine position
15
Management
Over all prognosis is excellent Serious complication are rare Most patients do not require therapy Antibiotic prophylaxis with mitral regurg ampi/genta Beta blockers for palpitation
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Aortic Stenosis
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Aortic Stenosis
Causes
Congenital bicuspid valve -MCC RF
Pathophysiology
Pressure overload develops on the left ventricle due to a chronically-elevated resistance to outflow across the narrowed aortic valve 0.7-0.9 cm2 Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Diastolic dysfunction occur as a result of LVH S4 -Atrial kick : Impaired ventricular filling is compensated by a forceful atrial kick; therefore the atrial arrhythmia is poorly tolerated
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Therapy
Aortic valve replacement
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Aortic Regurgitation
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Aortic Regurgitation
Causes Rheumatic heart disease or congenital Infective endocarditis 3 Syphilis Aortic dissection Marfans syndrome Collagen vascular disease e.g. SLE Pathophysiology Regurgitant flow during diastole results in left ventricular dilatation and volume overload Reduction in systemic diastolic blood pressure leading to increased pulse pressure Widened pulse 25 pressure ( 160/50)
PE
High pitch blowing diastolic murmur Increase pulse pressure
Corrigan pulse rapid rise followed by a rapid fall of carotid pulse Pistol-shot femoral pulse bounding Duroziez sign diastolic bruit over the femoral artery De Mussets sign bobbing motion of head Quinckes pulse systolic blushing and then diastolic blanching of the fingernail bed
Therapy
Treat CHF Surgery
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Chest areas from which sound from each valve is best heard.
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PDA
Persistence of connection between pulmonary artery and aorta LR shunt Small defect no symptoms Large defect
CHF(more blood to lungpul.hypertensionRVH) Delayed growth Infections
Tetralogy of Fallot.
Most common congenital heart disease Pulmonary stenosis Overriding aorta( aorta comes out both from Left and Right ventricle), BIG aorta Ventricular Septal defect Right ventricular hypertrophy
Features
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