CARBON FAMILY

The carbon family consists of carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead. Carbon family elements contain atoms that have 4 electrons in their outer energy level. As you move down the periodic table in the carbon family the atomic radius increases while ionization energy decreases. The carbon family consists of one nonmetal (carbon), two metalloids (silicon and germanium) and two

 The carbon family elements have widely variable physical and chemical properties. The carbon family elements tend to be fairly unreactive. The elements tend to form covalent compounds, though tin and lead also form ionic compounds. Carbon family elements exist free in nature and in compounds.

Carbon
Latin:carbo, "coal"

Carbon
symbol C atomic number 6 valence 4

*One of the most common element*

History

Carbon has been known since ancient times in the form of soot, charcoal, graphite and diamonds. Ancient cultures did not realize, of course, that these substances were different forms of the same element.

History
Antoine Lavoisier named carbon. In 1694 he pooled resources with other chemists to buy a diamond, which they placed in a closed glass jar. They focused the sun's rays on the diamond with a remarkable magnifying glass and saw the diamond burn and disappear. Lavoisier noted the overall weight of the jar was unchanged and that when it burned, the diamond had combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

History
He concluded that diamond and charcoal were made of the same element - carbon.

Other scientist made experiments on graphite and they also proved that its pure carbon and not a compound.

allotropes of carbon
Graphite Diamond Amorphous carbon

*An allotrope is a variant of a substance consisting of only one type of atom.

Diamond

the highesthardness andthermal conductivityof any bulk material due to its strongcovalent bonding diamond is highlytransparent but changes color when added with different elements between its atoms

Graphite
Ancient Greek (graph), "to draw/write" Commonly known as lead of a pencil electrical conductor and semimetal (metalloid) most stable form of carbon understandard conditions thus used in thermochemistry as thestandard statefor defining theheat of formationof carbon compounds

Amorphous carbon
Also called free, reactive carbon does not have any crystallinestructure name used forcoal,sootand other impure forms of the element, carbon that are neither graphite nor diamond

Facts about Carbon

The graphite in a typical mechanical pencil has a diameter of 0.7 mm. This is equal to 2 million layers of graphene. Car tires are black because they are about 30% carbon black, which is added to rubber to strengthen it. The carbon black also helps protect against UV damage to the tires. Carbon is the fourth most abundant

SILICON
Latin: silicis, silex: flint

A non-metallic element occurring extensively in the earth's crust in silica and silicates, having both an amorphous and a crystalline allotrope, and used doped or in combination with other materials in glass, semi-conducting devices, concrete, brick, refractories, pottery, and silicones.

 Atomic Number:14 Symbol:Si Atomic Weight:28.0855

In 1789, the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier proposed that quartz (crystalline silicon dioxide) was likely to be the oxide of an element which was very common but not yet identified or isolated

In 1824 Swedish chemist Jns Jakob Berzelius produced a sample of amorphous silicon, a brown solid, by reacting potassium fluorosilicate withpotassium, purifying the product with repeated washing. He named the new elementsilicium.

Two allotropes of silicon exist at room temperature: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous appears as a brown powder while crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and a grayish color.

Facts
Occurring extensively in the earth's crust in silica and silicates Elemental silicon is not found in nature Silicon is a principal component of aerolites and of tektites

Silicon is not known to be toxic, but if breathed in as a fine silica/silicate dust it may cause chronic respiratory problems. Silicates such as asbestos are carcinogenic.

Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, making it the second most abundant element (exceeded by oxygen). Silicon is found in the sun and stars. It is a principal component of the class of meteorites known as aerolites. Silicon is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Silicon is not found free in nature. It commonly occurs as the oxide and silicates, including sand, quartz, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, opal, and citrine. Silicate minerals include granite, hornblende, feldspar, mica, clay, and

Germanium
Latin:Germania ; Germany

is achemical elementwith the symbolGeandatomic number32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloidin thecarbon group, chemically similar to its group neighborstinandsilicon.

 Germanium has five naturally occurringisotopesranging in atomic mass numberfrom 70 to 76. It forms a large number oforganometalliccompound s, includingtetraethylgermane

History:
In 1869,Dmitri Mendeleevpredictedits existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic tableand called the elementekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886,Clemens Winklerfound it in the mineralargyrodite. Winkler found that experimental observations agreed with Mendeleev's predictions and named

Characteristics of Germanium:
Understandard conditionsgermanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semimetallic element.This form constitutes anallotropetechnically known as-germanium, which has a metallic luster and adiamond cubic crystal

Uses of germanium:
- They are used in electric guitar amplifiers - Catalyst in many scientific reactions - Create alloys in florescent lamps - Germanium oxide: increases index of refraction in glass. Useful in eyeglasses, microscopes, and cameras - Fillings in teeth -Integrated circuits -sterling silver -quantum computing (theoretically) -NIR (Near Infrared detectors) -Solar Cells -LEDs and other light emitting devices -Diodes

Industrial Uses of Germanium

Germanium's high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion are especially useful in various ways. It is therefore commonly used in wideanglecamera lenses, microscope lenses and for the core part of optical fibers. As germanium can carry an electric charge, it is largely used in semi-conductor industry. It is used in transistors, calculators, computers, etc. Germanium as an alloying agent is used in several ways. It is commonly used in infra-red spectroscopes and various optical

 . It is commonly used in infra-red spectroscopes and various optical equipments. It is also used in electric guitar amplifiers. Germanium uses infiber optics, infra-red optic are more common than its other uses. It is also used in a number of electronics and solar electric applications. It is used in catalysts for polymerization. Germanium uses in phosphor in fluorescent lamps, metallurgy and chemotherapy are also well-known. High purity germanium single crystal detectors are helpful in maintaining

Facts about the Definition of the Element Germanium The Facts about the Definition of is defined Element Germanium as ...the Element Germanium is defined The Element Germanium as ... A brittle,, crystalline , gray - , gray - white crystalline A brittle metalloid element ,, widely white metalloid element widely used as used as a semiconductor , as an a semiconductorcatalystan alloying alloying agent and , as , and in and optical glasses The agent certain catalyst , . and in most common uses of Germanium certain Electric guitar are in optical glasses . The most amplifiers , Semi - conductors , an common uses ,of Germanium are in alloying agent Infra - red spectroscopes and optical Electric ,guitar amplifiers , Semi equipment conductors , an alloying agent , Camera and microscope lenses and for Medical purposes . Infra - red spectroscopes and optical equipment , Camera and microscope lenses and for Medical purposes .

Sn
The Element Tin Latin word: Stannum

The primary source of tin is Cassiterite (SnO2) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon.

50 Protons 50 Electrons 69 Neutrons 10 Stable Isotopes

History
One of the earliest known metals, and has been used in the past as a component of bronze.

As early of 3,500 BC, Tin was used in bronze implements of its hardening effect on copper.

History
The minning of Tin begun around Classical times in Cornwall and Devon.

Tin trade was allowed to develop with the civilizations of the Mediterranean.

After 4000 years of Tin minning in Cornwall, the last Cornish Tin mine was closed in 1998

Two allotropes of Tin

*only occur near room temperature

Gray tin it is stable at temperatures below 13.2C (55.76F). At temperatures above 13.2C, gray tin slowly turns into tin's second form, white tin.

 White tin the normal form of the metal. White tin will turn into gray tin if the temperature falls below 13.2C. (The change can be prevented if small amounts of antimony or bismuth are added to white tin.)

Properties
Tin is a malleable silvery-white metal. It possesses a highly crystalline structure and is moderately ductile. When a bar of tin is bent, the crystals break, producing a characteristic tin cry. *Tin cry is the characteristic sound heard when a bar of tin is
bent

Uses
Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion.

Tin plate over steel is use to make cans for food.

 Used in the Pilkington process to produce window glass. In Pilkington process, molten glass is poured onto a pool of molten tin. The glass floats on the surface of the tin and cools, forming solid glass with flat, parallel surfaces. Most of the window glass

 Used to form many useful alloys.

Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper.

Tin and lead are alloyed to make pewter and solder.

LEAD

Symbol: Pb Atomic Number:82 Atomic Weight:207.2 Melting Point:327.5C Boiling Point:1740C Densit y:11.34 g/cm Protons: 82 Electrons: 82

Came from the Latin word plumbum Lead was discovered in Ancient times and used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Chinese.

A soft , malleable, ductile, bluish-white, dense metallic element . Extracted from galena It can be found with zinc, copper and silver.

Lead is bright and silvery when freshly cut but the surface rapidly tarnishes in air.

It is commonly used in a car battery. It is commonly used in construction for roofing materials. It can also be used to create statues and sculptures. Another common uses of lead is in bullets and shot.

Lead is toxic to humans at certain

levels and can damage the nervous system and cause brain damage. Lead is used as a radiation shield in many different applications.

End