Application of Surfactant auxiliaries

Wirote Sarakarnkosol

Surfactant containing auxiliary

Wetting and Rewetting agent  Scouring agent  Emulsifying and Dispersing agent  Levelling agent  Defoaming agent


Wetting and Rewetting agent:

Wetting power of surfactant



Middle hydrophilic group surfactant gave higher wetting power than those of end.

Higher wetting power

Lower wetting power

Wetting power of surfactant



Branch or aromatic hydrophobic chain is prefers.

or

Lower wetting power Higher wetting power

Wetting power of surfactant



Optimum of EO in non-ionic surfactant unit gave maximum wetting power.

EO EO EO Low solubility : Lower wetting power

EO EO EO EO EO

Optimum EO : Highest wetting power

EO EO EO EO EO EO EO EO EO EO

High water affinity :Lower wetting power

pH of wetting agent application

pH Strongly alkaline Weakly alkaline Anionic wetting agent Easily soluble surfactants with relatively low MW are applicable. Those with ester linkage are hydrolyse Applicable Nonionic wetting agent Not-applicable (insoluble)

Generally applicable

Nearly neutral

Applicable Applicable, Sulphate type surfactant are decomposed dependinf on conditions. Generally not applicable. In some cases particular sulphonate type are applicable

Applicable

Weakly acid

Applicable

Strongly acid

Generally applicable

pH of textile application
Strongly alkaline Weakly alkaline Nearly neutral Weakly acid Strongly acid

Mercerization, Causticization General scouring, bleaching,dyeing (Vat, Sulphur) Desizing, Dyeing (Direct, Reactive) Chlorite bleaching, Dyeing (Acid, Disperse) Carbonization

Wetting agent for desizing process



Enzymatic desizing
Not deactivate enzyme Good detergency Should use nonionic wetting agent
 

Polyethylene glycol ether Block copolymer EO, PPO ether

Oxidative desizing : should use nonionic or sulphonate anionic type

Resistance to persulphate
 

As Enzymatic desizing Sulphosuccinate derivative

Wetting agent for scouring process

High wetting power  Good detergency and emulsifying  Not specify the chemical alone  Should use the blends of anionic and nonionic surfactant.


Fatty alkyl sulfate, sulfonate and phosphate Ethoxylated fatty alcohol Ethoxylated octyl-/ nonyl- phenol

Wetting agent for bleaching



Resistance to oxidising agent

H2O2 resistance


Ethoxylated alkyl phenol

Hypochlorite resistance
Disodium alkyl diphenyl ether  Sodium alkane sulfonate


Chlorite resistance
EO of short chain carbon alcohol  EO of alkylphenol  EO + anionic surfactant


Wetting agent for carbonising process



Resistance the mineral acid condition

Nonionic surfactant Sulfonated anionic surfactant

Wetting agent for mercerisation

 

Resistance to strongly alkaline Small hydrophobic group and good alkaline solubility
Phenol derivative Blends of ethyl hexanol sulfate with organic solvent Short-chain alkylphosphonate esters

Wetting agent for mercerisation  soluble in concentrated alkaline Conventional wetting agent (insoluble in concentrated alkaline)  poor wetting in neutral  still wetting property in alkaline

Rewetting agent
Promote wetting property of substrate after drying  Not necessary to good wetting property


Anionic surfactant High EO unit nonionic surfactant

Scouring agent :

Factor for scouring

Wetting/Penetrating effect Emulsifying/dispersing Solubilizing effect Detergency Foaming effect Other effects

Effects of scouring agent

Scouring

Mechanical effect involved in washing

Structural propose for scouring agent

      

Longer chain hydrophobic with remaining soluble Linear hydrophobic part End position of hydrophilic part Cloud point is slightly higher than process temperature (non-ionic) Optimum EO unit (different for hydrophobic part) Ionic head group can increase the detergency of PEO surfactant (e.g. Laureth sulfate) Not adsorb on the fiber

Schematic of Scouring process

(a) Surface covered with greasy dirt.

(b) Surfactant is added to the solution. It reduce adhesion of dirt to the surface when deposited with hydrophobic tails on the surface.

(c) Dirt particle are held as a suspension.

Mechanism for greasy dirt removal from substrate

(a) Roll-up

(b) Emulsification

(c) Solubilisation

Example of scouring agent with variation of types

Detergent Sodium salts of sulfuric ester of higher alcohol Lauryl diethanolamide (1:2 type) Blends of above detergent 10 mole EO adducts of nonylphenol  0.3% solution of each chemical  % Detergency = [(A B)/(C B)] x 100
Where A = Reflectant of soiled fabric after wash B = Reflectant of soiled fabric before wash C = Reflectant of white fabric
Standard soiled solution contained
1 partFully hydrogenated tallow 3 parts Liquid paraffin 0.8 part Carbon black 800 parts Carbon tetrachloride

% Detergency
35.3 48.4 46.0 47.0

Emulsifying & Dispersing agent :

Distinguish of term


Emulsifying agent (Emulsifier)

Agent for help immiscibility liquid/liquid to uniformly distribute in each phase (liquid/liquid)

Dispersing agent
Agent for help uniformly distribute of solid in liquid phase (solid/liquid)

Emulsifying agent
High HLB values use for O/W emulsion  Low HLB values use for W/O emulsion  Mix of 2 or 3 emulsifiers can gave emulsion stability than those of single use


All of type of surfactant can be used for emulsifier depends on liquid/liquid phase

Schematic of anionic emulsion (O/W)

Dispersing agent


Dispersing agent for disperse dyes

Anionic dispersing agent
 

Naphthalene sulfonate Lignin sulfonate

Nonionic dispersing agent

Higher EO alcohol ethoxylate  Higher EO non-ionic surfactant


Typical anionic dispersing agent

Napthalene sulfonate

Lignin sulfonate

Model of the disperse dye system

Dispersion thermal stability on dispersing agent structure

Levelling agent :
Levelness

Unlevelness

Main mechanisms of levelling agents



Nonionic agents
Usually form water-soluble complexes with the dye, some degree of solubilisation being involved

Ionic agents
Dye-substantive


Form complexes with the dye and there is competition between the levelling agent and the fibre for the dye competition between levelling agent and the dye for the fibre

Fibre-substantive


Levelling agent types and their uses

Levelling agent for acid dyes



Cationic levelling agent

Anionic levelling agent

Schematic representation of solubilised acid dye-agent complex

Mechanism of levelling for acid dyes

1. Complex dye-levelling
Dye-SO 3
-

Levelling-N R4 O C N H Dye-SO 3
-

Splitting out

Levelling-N R4

N H3

O C Dye-SO 3 N H N H3
+

O C N H

Dye-SO 3

N H3

Nylon

Levelling-SO 3

O C

Levelling-SO 3 N H Dye-SO 3
+

2. Competitive anionic levelling

N H3

Splitting out

O C N H

Dye-SO 3

Levelling-SO 3

N H3

Levelling agent for disperse dyes



   

Non-ionic levelling agent tend to be separated at high temperature but can increase dyes solubilisation (Low cloud point) Anionic levelling agent can increase the cloud point of nonionic agent Should synergistic mixing together 7-10% of B in A can increase cloud point of A alone (105oC) to 150oC Fully effective at pH >7 (Carefully selection of dyes)

(A) fatty acid ethoxylate

(B) sodiumdodecylbenzenesulphonate

Levelling agent for disperse dyes



Modified nonionic (or Modified anionic, Weakly anionic)

Phosphate ester ethoxylation
High temperature stability  Protect hardness and trace metal ion  Stabilise under high concentration of electrolyte  Fully effective at pH 4-5 (pH of disperse dyeing)


Levelling agent for disperse dyes



Oligo-soaps or Ethoxylated multi-ester compounds.

More stable dye dispersion at high temperature  Solubilisation take place at a lower temperature  Dyeing rate at lower temp. is much slower  Solubilisation of oligomer and acrylic size  Low foaming


Defoaming agent :

Foam breaking mechanism

Typical defoaming agent



Organic based defoamers

Relatively poor foam control Some tend to leave deposit on machine Example is propylene-1,2-glycol mononeodecanoate

Typical defoaming agent



Silicone based defoamers

High efficiency for controlling the foam If the emulsion use not suitable emulsifier, Silicone spot is usually occur. Example is ethoxylated polydimethyl siloxane

Conclusion : Surfactant auxiliary

Surfactant contain the balancing of hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part.  CMC and Cloud point of surfactants can indicate their application and property.  Surfactant usually locate at interphase.  Ionicity of surfactant is the important function for choosing.