All organs are internal and closely associated

Primary reproductive organs: ? Secondary reproductive organs: ?

Female repro system must produce gametes AND maintain developing embryo

Fig 27-11

Ovaries
Suspended by ovarian ligament & suspensory ligament Functions: 1. Ova production 2. Hormone production

Oogenesis (= ovum production)

takes place inside ovarian follicles in ovaries as part of ovarian cycle Oogonia (= stem cells) complete mitotic divisions before birth
At birth: ~ 2 mio primary oocytes At puberty: ~ 400,000 primary oocytes 40 years later: 0 (even though only ~ 500 used) Atresia

Oogensis
Ovarian cycles start at puberty under influence of ___

Primordial follicle
Each month some proceed

Primary follicle
Few proceed

Secondary follicle
Few proceed

Tertiary (Graafian follicle)

Fig 27-12

Primordial Follicle or Egg Nests Present at birth

(simple squamous layer)

in cortex

Primary Follicle
Follicle cells Oocytes

Follicles enlarge in response to FSH and produce estrogens

Secondary Follicle
Few relative to number of primary follicles Produce follicular fluid Rapid enlargement

= Clear glycoprotein layer

Tertiary or Graafian Follicle

Spans entire width of cortex First meiotic division being completed: 1roocyte divides into one 2r oocyte and one polar body

Oogenesis
Suspended in prophase I

Happens in tertiary follicle Ovulation

Stops in Metaphase II

Ovulation
Oocyte and follicular cells shed into abdominal cavity
then 1. Empty follicle forms corpus luteum which produces progesterone 2. 3. Corpus luteum degenerates and becomes corpus albicans GnRH increases under low estrogen and progesterone levels

Uterine Tube
= Fallopian tube = oviduct = salpinx
Two muscular tubes
infundibulum with fimbriae Ampulla (place of fertilization) Isthmus intramural portion

Fig 27-14

Tubal ligation

Uterine Tube Histology

Ciliated and nonciliated simple columnar epithelium Ciliary movement and periodic peristaltic contractions move ova Secretion of nutrient substances

The Uterus
Uterine wall ~ 1.5 cm
made up of 1. Endometrium, 2. Myometrium, 3. Incomplete perimetrium
Fig 27-16

Blood supply
Uterine arteries from internal iliac Ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta (inferior to renal arteries)

Histology of Endometrium
Functional zone deciduum, sheds during menses
menstruation - flow sheds functionalis layer of endometrium proliferative phase - under influence of estrogen basal cells proliferate secretory phase - progesterone maintains functionalis

Basilar zone permanent layer, deep to functionalis

Functions of Uterus
Protection of embryo/fetus Nutritional support Waste removal Ejection of fetus at birth

Cervix and Vagina

Cervix attaches to vagina at ~ 90 angle Fornix pocket surrounding uterine cervix
(surgical access to pelvic cavity; location of birth control device)

Vagina fibro-muscular organ serving as

receptacle for intercourse passageway for menstrual products birth canal

The Mammary Gland

Modified sweat gland Overlaying the ____________ muscle 15-20 separate lobes separated by suspensory ligaments; each lobe contains several secretory lobules
Lactiferous ducts leaving lobules; converge into 15-20 lactiferous sinuses Milk stored in lactiferous sinus until released at tip of nipple
Fig 27-21

Lymphatic Drainage of Mammary Glands . . . . . . is of considerable clinical

importance, why ??