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Stormwater BMPs
USEPA: A technique, measure or structural control that is used for a given set of conditions to manage the quantity and improve the quality of stormwater runoff in the most cost-effective manner" Two Types Structural Nonstructural
Stormwater BMPs
Structural Engineered to control both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff Non-structural Educational Policy changing Source-targeting (pollution prevention)
Structural BMPs
Pretreatment: water quality inlets, hooded and deep sump catch basins, sediment traps (forebays), and drainage channels Detention/Retention and Vegetated Treatment: detention basins, wet retention ponds, constructed wetlands, water quality swales Filtration: sand and organic filters Advanced Sedimentation/Separation: hydrodynamic separators, oil and grit chamber Infiltration: infiltration trenches, infiltration basins, dry wells (rooftop infiltration)
Non-Structural BMPs
Pollution prevention/source control Street sweeping Storm water collection system cleaning and maintenance Land use planning Public Education
Stormwater BMPs
Ultimate goal of both BMP types:
Control stormwater flow Remove pollutants Manage and reduce pollutant sources
Absorption to soil particles Removes dissolved metals and soluble phosphorus Plant uptake Removes small amounts of nutrients Microbial processes Removes organics and pathogens Exposure to sunlight and dryness Removes pathogens Infiltration of runoff Provides flood control, groundwater recharge, and nutrient removal Sedimentation and filtration Removes total suspended solids, floating debris, trash, soilbound phosphorus, some soil-bound pathogens
Household BMPs
Careless or uninformed household management contributes to NPS pollution problems USEPA Although individual homes might contribute only minor amounts of NPS pollution, the combined effect of an entire neighbourhood can be serious - USEPA
Household BMPs
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Limit impervious surfaces Green Landscaping Water conservation Proper chemical use, storage, and management Proper septic management Stormwater control measures
Impervious Surfaces
Prevent water infiltration Cause pollutants to accumulate Cause runoff to funnel into storm drains at high speeds Paved surfaces transfer heat to runoff (biological and ecological implications)
Green Landscaping
Native plants instead of ornamental gardens and turf grass lawns Increased plant variety Naturally designed landscapes Integrated Pest Management Requires less maintenance and reduces environmental harm
Rain Gardens
Can be placed in strategic areas around the home landscape to capture roof and impervious runoff Native plants that are water and climate tolerate are used Help control stormwater and nonpoint pollution while adding to the aesthetics of the landscape
Bioretention Systems
Stormwater runoff entering the bioretention system is filtered first through the vegetation and then the sand / soil mixture before being conveyed downstream by the underdrain system. They can be installed in lawns, parking lot, unused lot areas, and certain catchments. They are intended to receive and filter storm runoff from both impervious areas and lawns.
Dry Well
Structural chamber and/or an excavated pit filled with aggregate. Receives and temporarily stores stormwater runoff from roofs. Discharge of this stored runoff from a dry well occurs through infiltration into the surrounding soils. areas with limited space, built underground
Stormwater Wetlands
Temporarily store runoff in relatively shallow pools that support conditions suitable for the growth of wetland plants. Remove a wide range of stormwater pollutants from land development sites Provide wildlife habitat and aesthetic features.
Infiltration Basin
Constructed within highly permeable soils that provides temporary storage of stormwater runoff. Does not normally have a structural outlet to discharge runoff Used to remove pollutants and to infiltrate stormwater back into the ground
Sand Filters
Vegetative Filters/Swales
Designed to treat sheet flow from adjacent surfaces Function by slowing runoff velocities and allowing sediment and other pollutants to settle and by providing some infiltration into underlying soils There is little resistance to their use as public views them as landscaped amenities and not as stormwater infrastructure
Vegetative Filters
Wet Ponds
Constructed basins that have a permanent pool of water throughout the year Primary removal mechanism is settling as stormwater runoff resides in this pool, but pollutant uptake, particularly of nutrients, also occurs to some degree through biological activity in the pond
NJDEP. 2004. NJ Stormwater BMP Manual.
Wet Ponds
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M L L M
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Inspection/Maintenance Considerations
Rain gardens and Bio-retention systems require frequent landscaping maintenance Infiltration basins in areas of low permeability can clog within a couple years, and require more frequent inspections and maintenance. In order to maintain the ponds design capacity in case of wet ponds, sediment must be removed occasionally to maintain effective pool volume Wetlands need a continuous base flow to maintain aquatic plants. They can also become a nuisance due to mosquito breeding unless carefully designed and maintained A vegetated buffer should be preserved around the pond to protect the banks from erosion and provide some pollutant removal before runoff enters the pond by overland flow Media filters clog easily when subjected to high sediment loads. Sediment reducing pretreatment practices, such as vegetated buffer strips or vegetated swales, placed upstream of the filter should be maintained properly to reduce sediment loads into filter. Installations should dewater completely (recommended 72 hour or less residence time) to prevent creating mosquito and other vector habitats.