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FUNCTIONS
1.
2.
Protection Against abrasion and UV light Prevents entry of microorganisms Prevents dehydration Sensation Sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain
FUNCTIONS
3. Temperature regulation by controlling Blood flow through the skin Sweat gland activity 4. Vitamin D production 5. Excretion of small amounts of waste products
SKIN
1.2-2.2 m2 and weighs 4-5 kg (9-11 lbs) 2 MAJOR REGIONS: 1. EPIDERMIS 2. DERMIS * HYPODERMIS/SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE (not a part of the skin)
SA
FIG. 5.1
EPIDERMIS
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium CELL TYPES: 1. Melanocytes 2. Keratinocytes 3. Merkel cells 4. Langerhans cells 5 LAYERS
EPIDERMAL CELLS
Keratinocytes Most
abundant cell type Produce the fibrous protein keratin Gives skin its protective properties
Melanocytes Produce
the brown pigment melanin Found in the deepest layers of the epidermis
EPIDERMAL CELLS
Langerhans
cells Epidermal macrophages Help activate the immune system Merkel cells Touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
EPIDERMAL LAYERS
STRATUM BASALE/GERMINATIVUM STRATUM SPINOSUM STRATUM GRANULOSUM STRATUM LUCIDUM STRATUM CORNEUM
EPIDERMAL LAYERS
Stratum
Deepest
dermis Structural strength is provided by desmosomes and hemidesmosomes Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes Cells undergo mitotic divisions ~every 19 days 10-25% are melanocytes
Stratum Spinosum Melanin granules and Langerhans cells are abundant in this layer Melanin is taken up by the keratinocytes and accumulates on the sunny side to protect the nucleus from UV damage Stratum Granulosum Keratohyaline and lamellated bodies (waterproofing) accumulate in the cells of this layer Above this layer the epithelial cells die because they are too far from the dermis
Stratum Lucidum
Thin,
Consists
Stratum
Corneum
layer of keratinized
Outermost
cells Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness 20-30 cell layers thick, all dead. Millions rub off everyday. Totally new every 25-45 days.
FIG. 5.2B
FIG. 5.3
strata Thin skin contains fewer cell layers per stratum Stratum lucidum is usually absent Hair is found only in thin skin
SKIN COLOR
Melanocytes
produce melanin inside melanosomes and then transfer the melanin to keratinocytes
The
Melanin
production is determined genetically but can be influenced by UV light (tanning) and hormones
SKIN COLOR
Increased
blood flow produces a red skin color (Erythema), whereas a decreased flow causes pale skin
Decreased
Carotene,
DERMIS
Second
Cell
types include fibroblasts, a few adipose cells and macrophages of two layers: papillary and
Composed
reticular
PAPILLARY LAYER
* Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers *Its superior surface contains peg-like projections called dermal papillae Genetically determined Responsible for fingerprints and footprints (films of sweat)
PAPILLARY LAYER
Contains
blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis With nutrients Remove waste products Aid in regulating body temperature
RETICULAR LAYER
Dense
irregular connective tissue Accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties Striae (stretch marks) are caused when skin is overstretched, the dermis ruptures and leaves visible lines
HYPODERMIS
Deep to the skin Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue Not really part of the skin Mostly adipose tissue Stores fat and connects the skin to the underlying structures (mainly muscles) Shock absorber and insulator Increases greatly as you gain weight
EPIDERMAL APPENDAGES
HAIRS
GLANDS
NAILS
HAIRS
Lanugo (fetal hair) is replaced near the time of birth by terminal hairs (scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows) and vellus hairs At puberty, vellus hairs can be replaced with terminal hairs Hairs are columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
A
shaft above the skin A root below the skin A hair bulb at the site of hair formation
MIDDLE CORTEX - pigment granules in dark hair - mostly air in white hair
FIG. 5.6
HAIRS
HAIR FOLLICLE: surrounds hair root HAIR BULB: houses 1. hair papillae: provides nourishment to growing hairs; contains blood vessels
HAIRS
Normal
hair loss in an adult scalp: 70100 hairs Rate of growth/replacement depends on: Illness Surgery Diet Blood loss High fever Severe emotional stress
HAIR COLOR
Melanin in dark-colored hair Melanin and more of S in blond hair Melanin and more of Fe in red hair Gray hair: progressive decline of TYROKINASE White hair: accumulation of air bubbles in the medullary shaft
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Simple
or compound alveolar glands Found all over the body except on the palms and soles Soften skin when stimulated by hormones Secrete an oily secretion called sebum Acne is an active inflammation of the sebaceous glands.
FIG. 5.7
SWEAT GLANDS: Produce sweat, which cools the body Most numerous in the palms and soles of the feet
APOCRINE
SWEAT GLANDS: Found in axillary and genital areas Ducts empty into hair follicles Produce an organic secretion that can be broken down by bacteria to cause body odor
SWEAT GLANDS
CERUMINOUS
GLANDS: Modified merocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (ear wax)
MAMMARY
FIG. 5.7
NAIL
Stratum Corneum containing hard keratin PARTS: 1. Nail body 2. Free edge 3. Lunula 4. Nail root 5. Nail matrix
NAILS
Nail
Slower
The
Sensation
Skin
Protects against abrasion and UV light Prevents the entry of microorganisms Helps regulate body temperature Prevents water loss
Hair
Nails
digits
Regulation
Vitamin
heat loss from the body by dilation and constriction of blood vessels Sweat glands Produce sweat, which evaporates and lowers body temperature
D Production UV light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is modified by the liver and kidneys into vitamin D Vitamin D increases calcium uptake in the intestines Excretion Skin glands remove small amounts of waste products but are not important in excretion
Least malignant and most common skin cancer Stratum Basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis Slow growing and do not often metastasize Can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases
MELANOMA
Cancer of melanocytes is the most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is: Likely to metastasize Resistant to chemotherapy
MELANOMA
A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match B: Border is irregular and exhibits indentations C: Color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4 mm thick
BURNS
First-degree:
only the epidermis is damaged Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain Second-degree: epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged Symptoms mimic first degree burns, but blisters also appear Third-degree: entire thickness of the skin is damaged Burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)
RULE OF NINES
Estimates
the severity
of burns Divides body into areas that are ~ 9%, or multiples of 9%, of the total body area Younger patients are different Burns considered critical if:
Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns There are third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet
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