Chapter 5: BJT Small-Signal Analysis

Sem I 0809/rosdiyana

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration Voltage divider bias CE Emitter bias Emitter-follower configuration Common-base configuration

BJT Small Signal Analysis

re transistor model employs a diode and controlled current source to duplicate the behavior of a transistor in the region of interest. The re and hybrid models will be used to analyze smallsignal AC analysis of standard transistor network configurations. Ex: Common-base, common-emitter and common-collector configurations. The network analyzed represent the majority of those appearing in practice today.

AC equivalent of a network is obtained by:

1. Setting all DC sources to zero 2. Replacing all capacitors by s/c equiv. 3. Redraw the network in more convenient and logical form

1/5: Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output impedance with a high voltage and current gain.

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

re Model

Determine F, re, and ro: F and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a curve tracer. 26m re: calculate re using dc analysis: r !
e

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:
o

Zi !
i

|| F re
R u 10 Fre

! R || rO $ Rc ro u 10 Rc

$ Fre

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
v

o i

!

|| ro ) re

RC Av !  re
Current Gain (Ai):

ro u 10R C

Io F R B ro Ai ! ! Ii (ro  R C )(R B  Fre )

Ai $ F
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

ro u 10R C , R B u 10 F re

A i ! A v

RC

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
v

VO ! Vi || ro )

VO !  I b ( Vi ! I b re
v

 I b ( || ro ) ! I b re !
( || ro ) re
v

i ro ! g; or u 10

re

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Current gain
The current gain is determined by applying the current - divider rule to the input and output circuits Io ! Ib ! ro I b I r and o ! o ro  C I b ro  I I and b ! Ii B  re
B i B

C B

 re B  re
B

I o I o I b ro ! ! i ! I I r  I i b i o C I ro B @ i! o ! Ii ro  C  B  re

i ro u 10
@
i

and
B

u 10 re , !

Io r $ o Ii ro  Zi
v C

or e can use this equation too

@
i

!

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship

The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.

2/5 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

re Model

You still need to determine F, re, and ro.

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:
2 2

d !

||

!
1

Zo !
Zo $

|| ro
ro u 10
C

Zi ! d re || &

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

 re

|| ro
v

o i

$

re

ro u 10

Current Gain (Ai):

F ro Io ! ! I i (ro  C )(  Fre )

Io ! $ Ii

 F re

ro u 10

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Io ! $F Ii

ro u 10

u 10 F re

!

i v C

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
VO ! ( I b )( Vi Ib ! re
C

|| ro )

Vi Vo !  ( C || ro ) r e  ( C || ro ) @ v ! re
i ro ! g; or u 10
C


re

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Current gain
since the network is so similar to that common - emitter fixed - bias configuration, except for the R' , the equation for the current gain will have the same format. R' ! R 1 R 2 ! R Io R' ro Ai ! ! I i ro  R C R' re for ro u 10R C , Ai ! Io R' ro $ I i ro R' re R' $ R' re

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

And if R' u 10 A
i

re ,

Io ! ! Ii
i

R' R'

@ A

Io ! $ Ii

as an option @ A
i

! A

i V

CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

3/5. CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Unbypassed RE

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

re Model

Again you need to determine F, re.

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:
E

Z b ! F re  ( F  1)

Zo !

Z b $ F (re 
Zb $ F
E E

Zi !

|| Z b

"" re

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Defining the input impedance of a transistor with an unbypassed emitter resistor

pplying K L to the input side :
i i

! I b re  I e

E E

! I b re  (  1) I b
i

@ Zb !

Ib

! re  (  1)

since is normally greater th an 1, @ Z b $ re  since @ Zb $

E E

is much greater th an re , eqn above can be reduced to

E

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

F C ! Zb

Vo RC Av ! ! Vi re  R E
or

! F (re  R E )
$ FR E

Vo RC Av ! $ Vi RE

Current Gain (Ai):

Io FR B Ai ! ! Ii R B 
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

A i ! A v

RC

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Voltage Gain
Vi Ib ! Zb Vo ! I o
C

!  Ib

Vi ! C Z b V  @ V! o ! Zb Vi @ ! Vo  ! Vi re  Vo  ! Vi

substituting Zb ! (re 
C E V

) gives

and or the approximation Z b $ @

V

C E

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Current Gain
The magnitude o I B  Zb
B i B B B

is o ten too close to Z b to permit the approximat ion

I b ! I i . pplying the current - divider rule to the input circuit i ll result in : Ib ! Ib ! Ii Io !F Ib

@ @
i

 Zb

Io ! FI b

Io Io I b ! !F Ii I b Ii Zi
v
C

B B

 Zb

!

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

4/5. CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Bypassed RE

This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias configuration and therefore can be solved using the same re model.

Emitter-Follower Configuration

You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same circuit. Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.

Emitter-Follower Configuration

re Model

You still need to determine F and re.

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Zi !
b

|| Z b

$ (re  R E )

! F re  ( F  1)R E

$ RE

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Calculation for the current Ie

Ib ! Vi
b

I e ! (  1)I b ! (  1) subtitutin g for

b

Vi
b

gives

(  1)Vi Ie ! re  (  1)R E R re E (  1) r r $ e ! re and e (  1) @ Ie ! Vi re  R E ! Vi but (  1) $

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Impedance Calculations (contd)

Output Impedance:

e ining the output impedence or the emitter ollo er con iguration

@ Ie !
i

re  R E

Zo !

|| re

$ re

R E "" r e

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

!
E

 re

o i

$1
E

"" re ,

 re $

Current Gain (Ai):

$

F
B

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

!

i v E

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Voltage gain
R E Vi Vo ! R E  re Vo RE @Av ! ! Vi R E  re R E usually much greater than re , R E  re $ R E Vo @Av ! $1 Vi

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Current Gain
R B Ii Ib ! RB  Ib RB ! Ii RB  Io ! ( Ib
b

Io ! Ie ! (

 1) I b

 1)
RB  1) RB 

Io Io Ib ! ! ( Ai ! Ii Ib Ii

 1) $ , RB @ Ai $  RB  b
since ( or A i ! A v
i

RE

Emitter-Follower Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

Vo

5/5. Common-Base (CB) Configuration

The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

re Model

You will need to determine E and re.

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Impedance Calculations

Input Impedance:

Output Impedance:

! R E re

Zo !

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

o i

E
re

re

Current Gain (Ai):

Io A i ! ! E $ 1 Ii

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Voltage & Current gain

Vo ! I o R C ! ( I c R C ) ! IeR C Vi Ie ! re Vi Vo ! R C r e Vo RC RC @ AV ! ! $ Vi re re

I e ! Ii I o ! EI e ! EI i Io @ A i ! ! E ! 1 Ii

Common-Base (CB) Configuration

Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

Vo