CCN Unit1

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UNIT-1
Network Models
Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
INRODUCTION:
A network is a combination of hardware and software
that sends data from one location to another. The hardware consists of the physical equipment that carries signals from one point of the network to another. The software consists of instruction sets that make possible the services that we expect from a network.
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1. LAYERED TASKS:
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services available from the post office.
Figure shows the tasks involved in sending a letter
1. LAYERED TASKS: Sender, Receiver and Carrier:
Hierarchy:
Higher Layer Middle Layer Lower Layer
Services:
The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately below it.
2. THE OSI MODEL ***

Open Systems Interconnection model. It is a 7 layers model It was first introduced in the late 1970s OSI developed by International Standards Organization (ISO). It is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards.
The purpose of the OSI model:

To show how to facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and software. The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for understanding and designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust, and interoperable. The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows communication between all types of computer systems.
ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.

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2.1 Layered Architecture ***
Fig: 2.1 Seven layers of the OSI model

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2.1 Layered Architecture (contd.)

The OSI model is composed of seven layers: Physical (layer1), Data link (layer2), Network (layer3) Transport (layer4), Session (layer5), Presentation (layer6) Application (layer7)
Layer:
Designer identified which networking functions had related uses and collected those functions into discrete groups that became the layers.
The OSI model allows complete interoperability between otherwise

Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 incompatible systems.
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Peer-to-peer Processes:
Figure 2.2 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

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Peer-to-peer Processes (contd) :
Layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on another machine - called Peer to-Peer Processes. Interfaces between Layers:
Each interface defines what information and services a layer must provide for the layer above it. Well defined interfaces and layer functions provide modularity to a network
Organizations of the layers:
Network support layers : Physical (layer1), Data link (layer2), Network (layer3) User support layers : Session (layer5), Presentation (layer6),Application (layer7)
Transport layer (Layer 4) : links the two above subgroups

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Peer-to-peer Processes (contd) :

The data portion of a packet at level N-1 carries the whole packet from level N. The concept is called encapsulation.
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

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3. LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL: In this section we briefly describe the functions of each layer in the OSI model.
Topics to be discussed in this section:
Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer
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3.1 Physical Layer :

Physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
Bits
The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one
hop (node) to the next. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specification of the primary connections: cable, connector
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3.1 Physical Layer (cont..)

Physical layer is concerned with the following:
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium: Types of

medium and interfaces
Representation of bits: 1s or 0s Encoded in to Electrical or optical Data rate : transmission rate: speed in bps Synchronization of bits: Both Tx and Rx are in the same clock Line configuration : pt. to pt. or Multipoint transmission Physical topology: Way in which the n/w formed, ring bus, etc.. Transmission mode: simplex, half or full duplex
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3.2 Data Link Layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from
one hop (node) to the next.
Major duties of Data Link Layer: Framing Physical addressing Flow control Error control Access control
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3.2 Data Link Layer(cont..):

Hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery
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3.3 Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
Other responsibilities of network layer includes
Logical addressing
Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 Routing
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3.3 Network Layer(cont)

Fig 3.3 illustrates end-to-end delivery by the network layer
Figure 3.3: Source-to-destination delivery

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3.4 Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a
message from one process to another.
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3.4 Transport Layer(cont)

Other responsibilities of the transport layer includes the following:
(1) Service-point addressing.(2) Segmentation and reassembly. (3) Connection control. (4) Flow control. (5) Error control.
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3.5 Session Layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
Specific responsibilities of the session layer Dialog control. Synchronization.

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3.6 Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer are
Translation Encryption Compression

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3.7 Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
The major duties of the application
Network virtual terminal File transfer, access, and management Mail services
Directory services Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
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Summary of Layers
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4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL SUITE (Transmission Control

Protocol / Internet Protocol)
TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of
which provides a specific functionality. The layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite contain relatively independent protocols that can be mixed and matched depending on the needs of the system. The term hierarchical means that each upper-level protocol is supported by one or more lower-level protocols.
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers. Host-to-network Internet. Transport.
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4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL SUITE (Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol) Figure :TCP/IP and OSI model
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4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL layers description

1. Physical and Data Link Layers(Host-to-network)
At the physical and data link layers, TCP/IP does not define any specific protocol. It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols. A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-area network or a wide-area network. 2. Network Layer (IP layer) TCP/IP supports the Internetworking Protocol. IP uses four supporting protocols : ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. IP (Internetworking Protocol) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) IGMP (Internet Group Message Protocol)
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4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL layers description(cont)

3.
Transport Layer The transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by two protocols : TCP and UDP. IP is a host-to-host protocol TCP and UDP are transport level protocols responsible for delivery of a message from a process to another process. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
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4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL layers description(cont) 4. Application Layer The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session, presentation, and application layers in the OSI model. Many protocols are defined at this layer they are as follows: SMTP,FTP,HTTP,DNS,SNMP,TELNET.
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5. ADDRESSING **** Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols:
physical, logical, port, and specific.

Figure 2.17 figure 5.1 Addresses in TCP/IP
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5.ADDRESSING 1.
Physical Addresses The physical address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN. It is included in the frame used by the data link layer. The physical addresses have authority over the network (LAN or WAN). The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the network.
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5. ADDRESSING 1. Physical Addresses (cont..) Example 2.1 In below Figure a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Figure 1. Physical addresses

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1. Physical Addresses (cont)

Example 2.2 Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) written as 12 physical address
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
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2. Logical Addresses Logical addresses are necessary for universal communications that are independent of underlying physical networks. Physical addresses are not adequate in an internetwork environment where different networks can have different address formats. A universal addressing system is needed in which host can be identified uniquely, regardless of the underlying physical network.
Example 3 Figure 3 shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.
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2. Logical Addresses( cont..)
Example 3
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
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3. Port Addresses The IP and the physical address are necessary for a quantity of data to travel from a source to the destination host. The end object of Internet communication is a process communicating with another process. For these processes to receive data simultaneously, we need a method to label assigned to a process is called a port address. A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.
Example 4 Figure 4. shows two computers communicating via the Internet.
The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the same from the source to destination.
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3. Port Addresses (contd)

Figure 4. Port addresses
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.
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3. Port Addresses (contd)

Example.5 A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown
753 A 16-bit port address represented as one single number.
4. Specific Addresses
Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that specific address. E-mail address URL (Universal Resource Locator)
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UNIT-1
Using Telephone and Cable Networks for Data Transmission
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1.TELEPHONE NETWORK
Introduction
Beginnings in the late 1800s. Originally an analog system using analog signals to transmit voice. The entire network, which is referred to as the plain old
telephone system (POTS) Telephone networks use circuit switching.

Figure 1. A telephone system Local loop
Trunk End offices Tandem offices
Trunk
Regional offices
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1.TELEPHONE NETWORK (contd..)

Major Components of telephone system:
Local Loops: 1). A twisted-pair cable that connects the subscriber telephone to the nearest end office or local central office 2) . Its B.W is 4000hz for voice communication. 3) . The first three digits of a local telephone number define the office, and the next four digits define the local loop number Trunks : 1) Trunks are transmission media that handle the communication between offices. 2) A trunk normally handles hundreds or thousands of
Suresha connections through V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
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Major Components of telephone system( cont):

1). To avoid having a permanent physical link subscribers, the telephone company has
Switching Offices : between any two switches located in a
switching office. 2). Switch connects several local loops or trunks and allows a connection between different subscribers.
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Local-Access Transport Areas (LATAs) A LATA can be a small or large metropolitan area. A small state may have one single LATA; a large state LATAs. A LATA boundary may overlap the boundary of a state; be in one state, part in another state. Two types of LATAs Services 1. Intra-LATA Services 2. Inter-LATA Services
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may have several
part of a LATA can
Types of LATAs Services (cont)
1. Intra-LATA Services:
The services offered by the common carriers (telephone are called intra-LATA services.
companies) inside a LATA
The carrier that handles these services is called a local
exchange carrier (LEC). Before the Telecommunications Act of 1996 intra-LATA services one single carrier. This was a monopoly. After 1996,more than one carrier could provide services inside a
E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
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were granted to
Suresha LATA. The carrier V. Professor, Dept. of
Intra-LATA Services (contd):
The new carriers that can provide services are called Exchange Carriers (CLECs).
Competitive Local CLECs would provide other services such as mobile telephone calls inside a LATA, and so on.
Figure below shows a LATA and switching offices.
service, toll
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2. Inter-LATA Services
The services between LATAs called Inter-LATA Services These services handled by Interexchange Carriers (IXCs). IXCs sometimes called long-distance companies, provide between two customers in different LATAs.
communication services Major companies providing inter-LATA services include Sprint, Verizon etc.. The IXCs are long-distance carriers that provide general data communications services including telephone service. A telephone call going through an IXC is normally digitized, with the carriers using V. Professor, Dept. of Suresha
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AT&T,MCI, WorldCom,
Points Of Presence (POP)

Point of presence (POP) connect several LECs and IXCs. Each IXC that wants to provide interLATA services in a LATA must have a POP in that LATA. The LECs that provide services inside the LATA must provide connections so that every subscriber can have access to all POPs.
Figure : Point of presences (POPs)
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3.Signaling
The use of signals for controlling communications.
The sending of a signal from the transmitting end of a telecommunication circuit to inform a user at the receiving end that amessageis to be sent. Theinformationexchange concerning the establishment and control of a telecommunication circuitand the management of the network, in contrast touser information transfer The signaling system was required to perform other tasks such as Providing dial tone, ring tone, and busy tone Transferring telephone numbers between offices Maintaining and monitoring the call Keeping billing information Maintaining and monitoring the status of the telephone network equipment
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Two types of signaling are used in-band signaling
out-of-band signaling
NOTE : In modern telephone networks the tasks of data transfer and signaling are separated : data transfer is done by one network, signaling by another.
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Signaling System Seven (SS7) ***

SS7 is a global standard for telecommunications defined by theITU.
The protocol that is used in the signaling network is called Signaling System Seven (SS7). The standard defines the procedures and protocol by which network elements in PSTN exchange information over a digital signaling network to effect wireless (cellular) and wireline call setup, routing and control. The SS7 network and protocol are used for: Basic call setup, management and tear down. Wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wireless roaming, and mobile subscriber authentication. Local Number Portability (LNP). Toll-free (800/888) and toll (900) wireline services.
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Signaling System Seven (SS7) cont***

It is very similar to the five-layer Internet model, but the layers have
different names as shown below

Figure : Layers in SS7
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Signaling System Seven (SS7) contd..

MTP Level 1: The physical layer in SS7 called message transport part (MTP) level I uses several physical layer specifications such as T-l (1.544 Mbps) and Digital Carrier (64 kbps). MTP Level 2 : The MTP level 2 layer provides typical data link layer services such as packetizing, using source and destination address in the packet header, and CRC for error checking. MTP Level 3: The MTP level 3 layer provides end-to-end connectivity by using the datagram approach to switching. Routers and switches route the signal packets from the
Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 source to the destination.
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Signaling System Seven (SS7) contd..

Upper Layers: There are three protocols at the upper layers. 1). TUP : Telephone user port (TUP) is responsible for setting up voice calls. It receives the dialed digits and routes the calls. 2). TCAP : Transaction capabilities application port (TCAP) provides remote calls that let an application program on a computer invoke a procedure on another computer. Its primary purpose is to facilitate multiple concurrent dialogs between the same sub- systems on the same machines, using Transaction IDs to differentiate these. 3). ISUP : ISDN user port (ISUP) can replace TUP to provide services similar to those of an
ISDN network.
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Services Provided by Telephone Networks ***

Telephone companies provide two types of services: Analog and
Analog Services: 1. Analog Switched Services 2. 4. 800 service 900 services 3. wide-area telephone service (WATS). 5. Analog Leased Service Digital Services: 1. 2. switched/56 service . digital data service(DDS).
Digital.
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4. DIAL- UP MODEMS
Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies between 300 and 3300 Hz of BW 3000 Hz. This range is used for transmitting voice The effective bandwidth of a telephone line being used for data transmission is 2400 Hz, covering the range from 600 to 3000 Hz.
Figure : Telephone line bandwidth

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4. DIAL- UP MODEMS(cont..)
MODEM is a the device: a signal modulator and a signal demodulator.
A modulator creates a bandpass analog signal from binary data. A demodulator recovers the binary data from the modulated signal.
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Figure: Modulation/demodulation
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Modem Standards **
Most popular modems available are based on the V-series standards published by the ITU-T V.32 modem: It uses a combined modulation and encoding technique called trelliscoded modulation. The V.32 calls for 32-QAM with a baud rate of 2400. Because only 4 bits of each symbol represent data, the resulting data total data rate is 4 x 2400 = 9600 bps. V.32bis Modem: It was the first of the ITU-T standards to support 14,400-bps transmission. The V.32bis uses 128-QAM transmission (7 bits/baud with I bit for error control) at a rate of 2400 baud (2400 x 6 = 14,400 bps).
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Modem Standards (contd)

V.34bis Modem The V.34bis modem provides a bit rate of 28,800 with a 960-point constellation Bit rate of 33,600 bps with a 1664-point constellation V.90 Modem V.90 modems with a bit rate of 56,000 bps. Also called 56K modems. These modems may be used only if one party is using digital signaling (such as through ISP). They are asymmetric in that the downloading rate is a maximum of 56 kbps, while the uploading rate can be a maximum of 33.6 kbps. V.92 Modem The standard above V90 is called V.92. These modems can adjust their speed, and if the noise allows, they can upload data at the rate of 48 kbps. The downloading rate is still 56 kbps. The modem has additional features. For example, the Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 the Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of modem can interrupt 327
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Modem Standards (contd) Why downloading data rate is high and uploading rate low?
Fig: Uploading and downloading in 56K modems
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5.DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) *** Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology is one of the most promising for supporting high- speed digital communication over the existing local loops.
After traditional modems reached their peak data rate, developed another technology, DSL, to provide higher-
telephone companies speed access to the Internet.
DSL technology is a set of technologies,i.e o Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) o Very High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) o High-bit-rate Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 Suresha V. Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)
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5.DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) cont..
ADSL ( Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

ADSL, like a 56K modem, provides higher speed in the
downstream direction than in the upstream direction. That is the reason it is called asymmetric. Unlike the asymmetry in 56K modems, the designers of ADSL specifically divided the available bandwidth of the local loop unevenly for the residential customer. The service is not suitable for business customers who need a large bandwidth in both directions. But how does ADSL reach a data rate that was never achieved with traditional modems? The existing local loops can handle bandwidths up to 1.1 MHz.62
ADSL (contd) Discrete Multitone Technique (DMT) The modulation technique that has become standard for ADSL is called the Discrete Multitone Technique (DMT) which combines QAM and FDM.
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Discrete Multitone Technique (contd)

There is no set way that the bandwidth of a system is divided.
Each system can decide on its bandwidth division. Figure 11: Bandwidth division in ADSL
Typically, an available bandwidth of 1.104 MHz is divided into 256 channels. Each channel uses a bandwidth of 4.312 kHz The figure 10 & 11 shows how bandwidth can be divided into the following: Voice: Channel 0 is reserved for voice communication.
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Upstream data and control
Channels 6 to 30 (25 channels) are used for upstream data and control (One channel).
transfer (24 channels) If there are 24 channels, each using 4 kHz (out of 4.312 modulation. we have 24 x 4000 x 15, or a 1.44-Mbps bandwidth, in the However, the data rate is normally below 500 kbps are deleted at frequencies where the noise level is large. Downstream data and control Channels 31 to 255 (225 channels) are used for
Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of control. E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
kHz available) with QAM
upstream direction. because some of the carriers
downstream data transfer and

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ADSL Implementation
Customer Site: ADSL Modem (down link)
Figure : ADSL modem ADSL modem installed at a customer's site. The local loop connects to a splitter which separates voice and data communications. The ADSL modemProfessor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 Suresha V. modulates and demodulates the data, using
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ADSL Loop Architecture(not in the syllabus)
DSL Voice Switch
ISP
Central Office Subscriber premises
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ADSL (contd) Telephone Company Site: DSLAM (uplink)

At the telephone company site, Instead of an ADSL modem, a device called a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is installed, it packetizes the data to be sent to the Internet (ISP server).
Figure : DSLAM Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
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ADSL Lite
The installation of splitters at the border of the premises and the new wiring for the data line can be expensive and impractical enough to dissuade most subscribers. A new version of ADSL technology called ADSL Lite (or Universal ADSL or splitterless ADSL) is available for these subscribers. This technology allows an ASDL Lite modem to be plugged directly into a telephone jack and connected to the computer. The splitting is done at the telephone company. ADSL Lite uses 256 DMT carriers with 8-bit modulation It can provide a maximum downstream data rate of 1.5 Mbps and an upstream data rate of 512 kbps.
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HDSL
The high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) was designed as an
alternative to the T-1 line (1.544 Mbps). The T-1line uses alternate mark inversion (AMI) encoding, which is very susceptible to attenuation at high frequencies. This limits the length of a T-l line to 3200 ft (1 km). For longer distances, a repeater is necessary, which means increased costs. HDSL uses 2B1Q encoding which is less susceptible to attenuation. A data rate of 1.544 Mbps (sometimes up to 2 Mbps) can be achieved without repeaters up to a distance of 12,000 ft (3.86 km). HDSL uses two twisted pairs (one pair for each direction) to achieve full-duplex transmission.
SDSL
The symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a one twisted-pair
version of HDSL. Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 up It provides full-duplex symmetric communication supporting 327 to 70
VDSL
The very high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL), an alternative
approach that is similar to ADSL, uses coaxial, fiber-optic, or twisted-pair cable for short distances. The modulating technique is DMT. It provides a range of bit rates (25 to 55 Mbps) for upstream Table below shows a summary of DSL technologies. communication at distances of 3000 to 10,000 ft. The downstream rate is normally 3.2 Mbps.
Note: Two-binary, one-quaternary(2B1Q)

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5. CABLE TV NETWORKS
The cable TV network started as a video service provider,
but it has moved to the business of Internet access.

Topics to be discussed in this section :
Traditional Cable Networks Hybride Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) Network
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Traditional Cable Networks was called community antenna
TV (CATV)
Figure : Traditional cable TV network NOTE: Communication in the traditional cable TV network is unidirectional.
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(Contd..)
Hybride Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) Network
NOTE: Communication in an HFC cable TV network can be bidirectional

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5. CABLE TV NETWORKS (Contd..)

CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER
Cable companies are now competing with telephone
companies for the residential Customer who wants high-speed data transfer. In this section, we briefly discuss this technology
1. Bandwidth
2. Sharing. 3. CM and CMTS 4. Data Transmission Schmes: Data Over Cable System Interface Specification (DOCSIS).
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CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER
(1) Bandwidth: In an HFC system, the last part of the network, from the fiber node to the subscriber premises, is still a coaxial cable.
This coaxial cable has a bandwidth that ranges from 5 to750 MHz(approx) To provide Internet access, the cable company has divided this bandwidth into three bands: (1). Video (2) .Downstream data (3).Upstream data bands.
Figure : Division of coaxial cable band by CATV
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CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(contd)

Downstream Video Band:
It occupies frequencies from 54 to 550 MHz. Since each TV channel occupies 6 MHz, this can accommodate more than 80 channels. Downstream Data Band It occupies the upper band, from 550 to 750 MHz. This band is also divided into 6-MHz channels. Modulation Downstream data band uses the 64-QAM (or possibly 256QAM) modulation technique. The theoreticalProfessor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Mbps.- 574 327 Suresha V. downstream data rate is 30 Sullia, D.K
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CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(contd) Upstream Data Band:
It occupies the lower band, from 5 to 42 MHz.
This band is also divided into 6-MHz channels. The upstream data band uses lower frequencies that are more susceptible to noise and interference. For this reason, the QAM technique is not suitable for this band. A better solution is QPSK. Upstream data are modulated using the QPSK modulation technique. Data Rate There are 2 bits baud in QPSK. The standard specifies 1 Hz/baud; theoretically, upstream data can be sent at 12 Mbps (2 bits/Hz x 6 MHz).
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(2) Sharing
Both upstream and downstream bands are shared by the subscribers. Upstream Sharing The upstream data bandwidth is 37 MHz. This means that there are only six 6-MHz channels available in the upstream direction. A subscriber needs to use one channel to send data in the upstream direction. The question is, "How can six channels be shared in an area with 1000,2000, or even 100,000 subscribers?" The solution is timesharing. Downstream Sharing Dept. of Suresha V. Professor,
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CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(contd) (3) CM and CMTS

To use a cable network for data transmission, need two key devices:
Cable Modem(CM) Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS). It is similar to an ADSL modem.
1.The cable modem (CM): It is installed on the subscriber premises.
Fig: Cable modem(CM)
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2. Cable Modem Transmission System(CMTS)

The cable modem transmission system (CMTS) is installed inside the distribution hub by the cable company. It receives data from the Internet and passes them to the combiner, which sends them to the subscriber. The CMTS also receives data from the subscriber and passes them to the Internet. Figure below shows the location of the CMTS.
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CABLE TV FOR DATA TRANSFER(contd) 4. Data Transmission Schemes: DOCSIS Multimedia Cable Network Systems (MCNS) designed to create a standard for data transmission over an HFC network called Data Over Cable System Interface Specification (DOCSIS). DOCSIS defines all the protocols necessary to transport data from a CMTS to a CM. Upstream Communication
The following is a very simplified version of the protocol for upstream communication. It describes the steps that
defined by DOCSIS must be followed by a CM:

The Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering.specific -packet82 CM checks the downstream channels for a Sullia, D.K 574 327
Data Transmission Schemes: DOCSIS (cont..) Upstream Communication (cont..)

3. The CM then starts a process, called ranging, which determines the distance between the CM and CMTS. This process is required for synchronization between all CMs and CMTSs for the minislots used for timesharing of the upstream channels. 4. The CM sends a packet to the ISP, asking for the Internet address. 5. The CM and CMTS then exchange some packets to establish security parameters, which are needed for a public network such as cable TV. 6. The CM sends its unique identifier to the CMTS. 7. Upstream communication can start in the allocated upstream channel; the CM can contend for the minislots to send data.
Downstream Communication 1. In the downstream Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 Suresha V. direction, the communication is much simpler.
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SUMMARY OF UNIT ONE::NETWORK ONE NETWORK MODELS (1International Standards Organization created a model The /6)
called the Open Systems Interconnection, which allows diverse systems to communicate. The seven-layer OSI model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible networking protocols. The physical, data link, and network layers are the network support layers. The session, presentation, and application layers are the user support layers. The transport layer links the network support layers and the user support layers. The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 a physical medium.
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SUMMARY OF UNIT ONE::NETWORK ONE NETWORK MODELS (2/6)
The transport layer is responsible for the process-to-process message.
delivery of the entire
The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices. The presentation layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed upon format. The application layer enables the users to access the network. TCP/IP is a five-layer hierarchical protocol suite developed before the OSI model. The TCP/IP applicationDept. of E&C, equivalent to the Sullia, D.K - 574 327 Suresha V. Professor, layer is KVG College Of Engineering. combined session, presentation,
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The physical address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN. The IP address uniquely defines a host on the Internet. The port address identifies a process on a host. specific address is a user-friendly address.
SECOND PART SUMMARY The telephone, which is referred to as the plain old telephone system (POTS), was originally an analog system. During the last decade, the telephone network has undergone many technical changes. The network is now digital as well as analog.
Suresha V. Professor, is made KVG College major components: The telephone network Dept. of E&C, of threeOf Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
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The United States is divided into many local access transport areas (LATAs). The services offered inside a LATA are called intra-LATA services. The carrier that handles these services is called a local exchange carrier (LEC). The services between LATAs are handled by interexchange carriers (lXCs). In in-band signaling, the same circuit is used for both signaling and data. In out-ofband signaling, a portion of the bandwidth is used for signaling and another portion for data. The protocol that is used for signaling in the telephone network is called Signaling System Seven (SS7). Telephone Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVGtypes of services: analog companies provide two College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327
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SUMMARY OF UNIT ONE::NETWORK SUMMARY OF UNIT ONE: NETWORK MODEL ONE NETWORK
MODELS (5/6)
Data transfer using the telephone local loop was traditionally done using a dial-up modem. The term modem is a composite word that refers to the two functional entities that make up the device: a signal modulator and a signal demodulator. Most popular modems available are based on the V-series standards. The V.32 modem has a data rate of 9600 bps. The V32bis modem supports 14,400-bps transmission. V90 modems, called 56K modems, with a downloading rate of 56 kbps and uploading rate of 33.6 kbps are very common. The standard above V90 is called V92. These modems can adjust their speed, and if the noise allows, Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 327 they can upload data
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SUMMARY OF UNIT ONE : NETWORK MODELS (6/6) The high-bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) was designed
as an alternative to the T-l line (1.544 Mbps). The symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a one twistedpair version of HDSL. The very high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) is an alternative approach that is similar to ADSL. Community antenna TV (CATV) was originally designed to provide video services for the community. The traditional cable TV system used coaxial cable end to end. The second generation of cable networks is called a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network. The network uses a combination of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. Cable companiesProfessor, Dept.competing with telephone D.K - 574 327 Suresha V. are now of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, companies for the residential
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THE END OF UNIT- 1
NETWORK MODELS
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Acknowledgement :
My Sincere Thanks To The Author Prof.BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN. Because The Above Presentation Materials Are Heavily Borrowed From His Textbook Data Communication & Networking 4th Edition, publisher Tata McGraw Hill By Prof.Suresha V
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Thank you
reach me at : suresha.vee@gmail.com
Suresha V. Professor, Dept. of E&C, KVG College Of Engineering. Sullia, D.K - 574 92 327
Keep going..
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Figure shows the tasks involved in sending a letter

1. LAYERED TASKS: Sender, Receiver and Carrier:

Higher Layer Middle Layer Lower Layer

2. THE OSI MODEL ***

The purpose of the OSI model:

ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.

2.1 Layered Architecture ***

Fig: 2.1 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.1 Layered Architecture (contd.)

The OSI model allows complete interoperability between otherwise

Figure 2.2 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

Peer-to-peer Processes (contd) :

Organizations of the layers:

Transport layer (Layer 4) : links the two above subgroups

Peer-to-peer Processes (contd) :

Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

Topics to be discussed in this section:

3.1 Physical Layer :

3.1 Physical Layer (cont..)

Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium: Types of

3.2 Data Link Layer

one hop (node) to the next.

3.2 Data Link Layer(cont..):

3.3 Network Layer

Other responsibilities of network layer includes

3.3 Network Layer(cont)

Figure 3.3: Source-to-destination delivery

3.4 Transport Layer

message from one process to another.

3.4 Transport Layer(cont)

3.5 Session Layer

Specific responsibilities of the session layer Dialog control. Synchronization.

3.6 Presentation Layer

compression, and encryption

Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer are

Translation Encryption Compression

3.7 Application Layer

The major duties of the application

4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL SUITE (Transmission Control

4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL SUITE (Transmission Control Protocol /

4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL layers description

4.TCP / IP PROTOCOL layers description(cont)

5. ADDRESSING **** Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols:

physical, logical, port, and specific.

Figure 1. Physical addresses

1. Physical Addresses (cont)

2. Logical Addresses( cont..)

Example 4 Figure 4. shows two computers communicating via the Internet.

3. Port Addresses (contd)

3. Port Addresses (contd)

753 A 16-bit port address represented as one single number.

Using Telephone and Cable Networks for Data Transmission

telephone system (POTS) Telephone networks use circuit switching.

Trunk End offices Tandem offices

1.TELEPHONE NETWORK (contd..)

Major Components of telephone system( cont):

Switching Offices : between any two switches located in a

may have several

part of a LATA can

Types of LATAs Services (cont)