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Bhatt
Content Introduction Production trend of grapes Export of grapes Specification for export of grapes Pre and post harvest strategies for export Constraints and solution for export of grapes SWOT analysis Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
The grapes are rich in sugar and particularly in hexose and are easily digestible.
According to FAO 71 per cent of world grape production is used for wine, 27 per cent as fresh fruit, and 2 per cent as dried fruits.
Presently in India about 78 per cent of grape is used for table purpose, nearly 17-20 per cent is dried for raisin production, while 1.5 per cent is used for juice and 0.5 per cent is used in manufacturing wine.
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Conti
Grapes share 74,23,727 ha area and 679,09,287 MT of fruit production in the world.
Its contribute 2.8 per cent of the world production of fruits and 2.7 per cent of fruit production in India.
India has achieved the highest productivity of 23.5 t/ha in the production of grapes.
Source: Indian horticulture database 2009
Conti
Botanical Name Family Origin Major producing states Latest production Area Productivity
Source: http://www.nhb.gov.in
Vitis vinefera Vitiaceae Western Asia and Europe Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu 15.46 lakh tonnes 105000 ha 8.16 tonnes /ha
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ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
At present, grape is the most important fruit crop grown commercially For table purpose For making raisins For making wines and For export purpose
source: http://www.indiaagronet.com
AGROAGRO-CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
SOIL CLIMATE : Temperature Rainfall Relative Humidity
Source: http://www.biotechpark.org.in
VARIETIES
ON THE BASIS OF COLOUR AND SEEDS
Colour seeded Coloured seedless White seeded White seedless Bangalore blue, Gulabi (Muscat) Beauty Seedless, Sharad Seedless Anab-e-Shahi, Dilkhush. (clone of AnabeShahi) Perlette, Pusa seedless, Thompson Seedless and its clones Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka, Manik Chaman. Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue, Beauty Seedless, Bhokri (Pachadrakshi), Thompson Seedless, Arkavati
Bangalore Blue, Thompson Seedless and Arka Kanchan Early Muscat, Beauty Seedless, Champian, Juice Pusa Urvashi, Arka Trishna. Source: http://www.biotechpark.org.in 9
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Conti
B. Materials 1 2 3 4 Planting Material FYM Biofertiliser Neem Cake Jeevamrut (Mixture of cowdung+cowurine+ pulses powder+black jaggery) Vermiwash Plant protection materials Bower system Sub total of materials 13338 41250 20988 1250 41250 20988 1250 13338 82500 41975 2500
4200
4200
8400
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Conti
C. Certification cost Certification cost 1250 1250 2500
331375
103434
434809
331400
103400
434800
Source: http://www.nabard.org
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Period of Harvest
February-May, July, NovemberDecember January-March, June-December NovemberDecember, June-July January-March, June-December June January-April
Bangalore Blue Bhokri Gulabi Perlette Thompson Seedless and other seedless varieties
Source: http//www.fao.org
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MAJOR GRAPE PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD (2008-09) (2008COUNTRY Italy China pain France Turkey Iran rgentina Chile ustralia India outh frica AREA (HA) 770000 438232 379360 1200000 813496 482789 315000 220000 182000 166197 80000 130000 PRODUCTION (MT) 7793301 7284656 6744840 6053000 5664195 3918440 2900000 2900000 2350000 1956790 1878000 1791643 PRODUCTIVIY (MT/HA) 10.1 16.6 17.8 5 7 8.1 9.2 13.2 12.9 11.8 23.5 13.8 14
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
1878
668.2
1991-92 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Source: Indian horticulture database 2009
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Source : http//www.apeda.gov.in
DOMESTIC TOTAL SUPPLY OF FRESH TABLE GRAPES IN INDIA(2009-10) INDIA(2009Mar et Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: http://www.indexmundi.com
FRESH TABLE GRAPES DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IN INDIA(2009-10) INDIA(2009Market Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: http://www.indexmundi.com
FRESH TABLE GRAPES EXPORTS BY INDIA(2009-10) INDIA(2009Market Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: http://www.indexmundi.com
25.4 18 29.8 21
82 16.1 3.083 3
Source: http://www.nhb.gov.in
Countries
Holland/ Germany Berry Size: 16mm U.K. Berry Size: 18mm white Berry Size: 18mm black Berry Size: 18mm pink 4. Kg /9kg 0-1 C
Colour: amber Colour: white/amber Sharad Seedless Berry Size: 1 mm black Flame Seedless --------Packing Storage Temp. 1 Kg 0-1 C Berry Size: 16mm black Berry Size: 16mm Pink 4. Kg /9 kg 0-1 C
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Conti
Use of biofertilizer, biopesticides should be preferred over inorganic fertilizer, fungicides and pesticides. Harvesting should be done only at the appropriate maturity stage of the grapes depending upon the purpose of fresh consumption and processing.
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1. PACK HOUSE
Pack house must be clean. Protective clothing must be worn in the pack house. Rest areas for workers should be away from pack house. Pack house to be solid construction.
Source: http://www.nabard.org
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2. PRE-COOLING PRE Pre-cooling is aimed at reducing the field heat. The temperature of harvest grapes has to be brought down to less than 4C within six hours of harvest.
Source: http://www.nabard.org
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3. DISINFECTION TREATMENTS
Sulphur fumi ation :For colour retention, prevention of browning, killing fungi Botryodiplodia, preventing rind brittleness.
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4. GRADING STANDARD
Class Extra class Class I Class II Class III
Source: http://www.nabard.org
5. PACKAGING
The arrangement of boxes in the cold storage to ensure uniform cooling of all berries in a box. The carton size should be:-
8.25 Kg
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Conti
Pouch ba s : It is used from food grade low density poly ethylene. A minimum of 9 bags in a 4.50 kg. / 5.00 kg. carton and 16 in an 8.25 kg. carton should be used. Bag weight should be between 400 and 700 gm with no more than 2 bunches per bag.
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Conti
Liner ba s : It should be of good quality clear polythene and large enough to cover the grapes and grape guard with a good overlap. Punnet packin ::-
Source: http://www.nabard.org
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6. PALLETIZATION
Boxes should be palletised on a 48" x 40" pallet with paper board corner posts and steel strapping. Different growers produce should be palletised separately.
Source: http://www.nabard.org
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7. STORAGE
Once pre-cooling and disinfection treatment is done, the dual releasing sulphur dioxide (Grape Guard) is to be placed with their coated surfaces downwards on the filled plastic pouches and are to be covered with the plastic sheet lining. The boxes are closed and then shifted to cold storage rooms.
Source: http://www.nabard.org
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Conti
Source: http//www.apeda.gov.in
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8. TRANSPORTATION
It is an important link in the handling, storage and distribution of grapes. It should be covered under the cool-chain. Maintenance of uniform temperature and humidity throughout is important. Variation/fluctuations in temperature are harmful.
Source: Tiwari and srivastava, 2006
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MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
Airways : Cargo plane
Waterway : Ships
Roadways : Trucks
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REQUIIREMENT OF DOCUMENTATION
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REGISTRATION OF ORCHARDS
The orchards have to be registered with a registered packing house facility. The orchard have to maintain documented record of all operations carried out. Orchard should adopt good agricultural practices for management of grape orchards established by APEDA.
Source : http//www.apeda.gov.in
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Source : http//www.apeda.gov.in
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GLOBALGAP CERTIFICATE
Certificate reassure consumers about how food is produced on the farm.
Ensure about less use of chemical inputs and approach to worker health and safety as well as animal welfare.
Source: http//www.globalgap.org
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The certificate is recognized by scientific authorities and international organizations as the most effective approach available for producing safe food.
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Source: http://www.unescap.org
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GRAPENET
An internet based traceability softer system. Monitors fresh grapes exported to the E.U. up to the farm level. An end-to-end system for :Monitoring pesticide residue, Achieve product standardization, Facilitate tracing back from retail shelves to the farm of the Indian grower, Through the various stages of sampling, testing, certification and packing.
Source: http://www.unescap.org
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Conti
2.Market Access Constraints :
NonNon-tariff barriers : Standards, testing, labeling and certification requirements. Export subsidies and domestic support. Short product life cycle. cycle. Lack of brand ima e. e.
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Conti
3.Technolo ical Constraints:
Majority of holdings are small and un-irrigated. Unproductive plantations needing replacement. Lack of exportable varieties. Inadequate supply of quality planting materials of improved varieties.
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Conti
High incidence of pests and diseases. Heavy post harvest losses. Lack of pack houses from farm to port. High cost of obtaining certification for export.
Source: http//www.unapcaem.org
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Tar eted products : Indias production advantage. Production should shift to demand driven rather than supply driven. Comparative cost advantage. Improvement of market access :: Market Intelligence
Harmonization with International standards /practices, certification and testing.
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Supply chain ali nment with International market :: Enable direct farmer-importer linkages. Set-up independent world class food testing and inspection infrastructure. Device an alternate system of processing grade products specification based on internationally accepted norms. Encourage investment in infrastructure to improve product quality.
Source: http//www.unapcaem.org
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Conti
APEDA : Subsidy ranging from 25-50 per cent for ceilings of development of infrastructures. NHB : For commercialization of horticulture. For construction of cold storage facility through NABARD/NCDC Available to the extent 25 per cent of capital cost, limit up to 50 lacks.
Source: http://www.planning.up.nic.in
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SWOT ANALYSIS
Stren ths
Agro climatic diversity for grape cultivation to sustain productivity. Technology available to achieve the highest productivity in the world. Scope to grow grapes almost throughout the year. Technology available to produce world class grapes. Technology to produce good quality raisins.
Weaknesses
Narrow range of varieties which include only Thompson Seedless, Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue. Production of export quality grape is low (only 15 per cent of the production). High air freight. Too many exporters. Susceptibility of the varieties to cracking, rotting, pink berry formation and mildew diseases.
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Conti
Opportunities
Improvement in North Indian varieties for expanding the season. Development of less expensive training system. Development of cultural practices for cropping in subtropical places of North India. Improvement of size, colour and packing. Exploring south-east Asian markets for exports.
Threats
Rains during fruit ripening in North India. Increasing soil and water salinity. Heavy spray schedule. Chile and South Africa have extended their season by growing early and late varieties. Fluctuation in international price.
Source: http://www.planning.up.nic.in
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CONCLUSION
From this foregoing discussion it can be concluded that the productivity of grapes is high than other countries. Export of grapes is complex process. All pre and post harvest practices should be done according to prescribed international standards. There is a great potential for export of grape in international market.
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Conti...
Government should policies for export.
provide
more
supportive
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