3.

Relational Algebra and SQL

Example: Let the following relations describe point sets:
A(x, y), B(x, y), J(x, y) H(x, y, z), I(x, y, z) F(z) K(y,z) plane 2D points in the plane 3D points in space line on the z-axis 2D points in (y, z)
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3.1 Relation algebra operators

A and B

A B

A B

A\ B
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Av F

T y,z H

T x,y H W 2x+z = 0 I

Example: Find the SSN and tax for each person.

SSN,Tax wages+interest+capital_gain = income Taxrecord

Taxtable

Example: Find the area of Lincoln reached by a radio station.

(
X,Y

Name=Lincoln Town

)) (

X,Y Broadcast

3.2 SQL SELECT a1, ..., an FROM R1, R2, , Rm WHERE Con1, ,Conk This means:
a1, ..., an( Con1(

Conk

( R1 R2 Rm))))

Example:

Find the SSN and tax for each person.

SELECT SSN, Tax FROM Taxrecord, Taxtable WHERE wages + interest + capital_gain = income

AS keyword used to rename relations Two SQL expressions can be combined by:
INTERSECT UNION MINUS set difference

Example: Find the names of the streets that intersect. SELECT S.NAME, T.NAME FROM Streets AS S, Streets AS T WHERE S.X = T.X and S.Y = T.Y

Example: Assume we have the relations: Broadcast ( Radio, X , Y ) Town ( Name, X, Y ) Find the parts of Lincoln, NE that can be reached by at least one Radio station. (SELECT X, Y FROM Town WHERE Name = Lincoln) INTERSECT (SELECT X, Y FROM Broadcast)
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Another way of connecting SQL expressions is using the IN keyword. SELECT .. FROM .. WHERE a IN ( SELECT b FROM .. WHERE .. )

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SQL with aggregation SELECT aggregate_function FROM . WHERE aggregate_function Max (c1a1 + ..+ cnan) Min (c1a1 + ..+ cnan) Sum(a) Avg(a) Count(a) where ai are attributes and ci are constants

where a is an attribute that is constant in each constraint tuple

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Example: Package(Serial_No, From, Destination, Weight) Postage (Weight , Fee) Find the total postage of all packages sent from Omaha. SELECT Sum(Fee) FROM Package, Postage WHERE Package.Weight = Postage.Weight AND Package.From = Omaha

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GROUP BY SELECT a1, , an, aggregate_function FROM .. WHERE GROUP BY a1, ..., ak Evaluates basic SQL query Groups the tuples according to different values of a1,..,ak Applies the aggregate function to each group separately {a1, , ak} {a1, , an}
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Example: Find the total postage sent out from each city. SELECT Package.From, Sum(Postage.Fee) FROM Package, Postage WHERE Package.Weight = Postage.Weight GROUP BY Package.From

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