Bending

Readings

6.3. 6.4. 6.6.

Bending deformation of a straight member The flexural formula Composite beams

Mechanics of Materials

Bending

Mechanics of Materials

Bending Deformation: Straight Member

Deformation of a Beam: Bending Moment Cross sections of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to longitudinal axis Deformation of the cross section will be neglected

Bottom fibers : Elongates (Tension) Top fibers : Contracts (Compression) Neutral axis Do not change length Forms a curvature Passes through the Neutral Surface
Neutral surface Longitudinal axis Axis of symmetry

Mechanics of Materials

Normal strain
How the BM strains the material Strain along cd,

Before deformation After deformation

cd = pq pq = d = cd c d = ( -y) d

is the radius of curvature d angle between the cross sectional sides

Longitudinal normal strain,

Varies linearly with y from neutral axis

Mechanics of Materials

Normal strain distribution

I max

Maximum normal strain,

y I !  I max c

Where c is the distance from the neutral axis to the farthest fiber
y I !  I max c

Sign Convention For positive bending moment: Fibers located above neutral axis (+y): contracts (- ) Fibers located below neutral axis (-y): elongates (+ )

Mechanics of Materials

Normal strain
Strain in other directions

These strain components cause the cross sectional dimensions to become smaller below the neutral axis and larger above the neutral axis.

Mechanics of Materials

Normal Stress distribution

For a linear elastic Material Hooke s law Normal Stress
W ! E

Normal Strain

W ! EI

y V

y W !  W max c

y I!  V

Sign Convention For positive bending moment: Fibers located above neutral axis (+y): contracts (- ) Fibers located below neutral axis (-y): elongates (+ ) Stress resultants The resultant of the normal stresses consists of two stress resultants 1. The force acting in the x direction 2. Bending couple acting about z axis Mechanics of Materials
Distribution of Normal Stress

Distribution of Normal Strain

Neutral Axis
Condition 1: The resultant force in the x direction is equal to zero For an elemental area dA (at distance y from the neutral axis) The force, dF = dA Total force

dF ! WdA ! 0
A A

y  c W max dA ! 0 A

W max c

ydA ! 0
A

ydA ! 0
A

The first moment of the area of the cross section about the neutral axis must be zero. This condition can only be satisfied if the neutral axis is also the horizontal centroidal axis Consequently once the centroid of the cross sectional area is determined, that is the location of the neutral axis. Mechanics of Materials

Flexural Formula
Condition 2: The resultant moment of normal stresses acting over the cross section is equal to the internal resultant moment. For an elemental area, dA located at a distance y from the neutral axis subjected to an elemental force, dF = dA. The moment of dF about the neutral axis y M ! y W max dA M ! yWdA c A
A

dM ! ydF ! yWdA
! W max c y 2 dA
A

y 2 dA is the moment of inertia of the cross sectional area. W M ! max I c

A

W max

Mc ! I

My W ! I

Normal Stress Distributions

W max W ! c y

max

M I c

: The maximum normal stress in the top/bottom most fiber of the beam : Resultant internal moment : Moment of inertia of the cross sectional area with respect to the neutral axis : Perpendicular distance from the neutral axis where max acts Mechanics of Materials

Flexural Formula
Points to Ponder

If the cross sectional area is not symmetric after deformation, Flexural formula is not valid Flexural formula is valid only for prismatic members Maximum normal stress/strain occurs at outermost fiber and linearly varies from the neutral axis Flexural formula is valid only for homogeneous material For linear elastic-material the neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross sectional area which is based on the fact that the resultant normal force acting on the cross section must be zero

Mechanics of Materials

Example Problems
Example Problem 1 (6.43) A member having the dimensions shown is to be used to resist an internal bending moment of M = 2kNm. Determine the maximum stress in the member if the moment is applied (a) About the z axis (b) About the y axis. Sketch the stress distribution for each case.

Mechanics of Materials

Example Problems
Example Problem 1 (6.54 & 6.55) The aluminum strut has a cross-sectional area in the form of a cross. If it is subjected to the moment M = 8 kNm, (i). Determine the bending stress acting at points A and B, and show the results acting on volume elements located at these points. (ii). Determine the maximum bending stress in the beam, and sketch a three-dimensional view of the stress distribution acting over the entire cross-sectional area

Mechanics of Materials

Composite Beam

Beams constructed of two or more different materials are referred as composite beams Example: Concrete beams reinforced with steel rods Wooden Blocks reinforced with steel plates

Assumptions The total cross sectional are remain plan after deformation which is valid for pure bending regardless of the nature of material

Mechanics of Materials

Composite Beam
Consider a composite beam made of two materials 1 and 2 of height h and width b. Bending moment, M is applied with respect to z axis. Assume, material 1 is stiffer than material 2, hence E1 > E2. Normal Strains vary linearly, from zero at neutral axis to maximum at farthest fiber Normal strain, For a linearly elastic material Hooke s law

I !

y V

W ! EI
The normal stress acting on the cross section For material 1 For material 2 : : = E1 2 = E2
1

Mechanics of Materials

Composite Beam
How to apply Flexural Formula to composite beam Flexural formula is valid only for homogeneous material. Composite beam has to be transformed into a single material beam What is Transformed-section Method The method consists of  Transforming the cross section of a composite beam into an equivalent single material beam (transformed section) with keeping h constant  The flexural formula is then applied to the transformed section of beam  Finally, the stresses in the transformed section are converted into the actual beam How to transform The material 1 (top portion) is be transformed into an equivalent material 2, thus the entire beam will be made of material 2. Since E1 > E2 When transforming material 1 into less stiffer material 2, the area of the transformed portion beam has to be with bigger area with keeping the height h constant to maintain the linear strain distribution Mechanics of Materials

Composite Beam

For the composite beam: Consider an area at distance y from the neutral axis dA ! dydz dF ! W 1dA ! ( E1I )dydz Force acting on area, dA : For the transformed section: To increase the area, width, b is increased to nb1 keeping the height, h constant Hence the area of the transformed beam: Force acting on area dA:
dA ! dy (ndz ) dF ! W 2 dA ! ( E 2I ) dyndz

To produce same moment, the force acting on both the beam must be same.
( E1I )dydz ! ( E2I )dyndz n! E1 E2

The n is called the transformation factor Mechanics of Materials

Composite Beam
Once the beam has been transformed into a single material then the normal stress distribution over the transformed cross section will be linear. Consequently the neutral axis, moment Inertia for the transformed area can be determined and flexure formula can be applied in the usual manner to determine the stress at each point on the transformed beam. The stress found on the transformed section has to be multiplied by the transformation factor n to get the stress value for the original material. Why? Since the area of the transformed material (dy n dz) is n times the area of the actual material (dy dz). That is
dF ! W 1dA ! W 2 dA
W 1dydz ! W 2 dy n dz W 1 ! nW 2

Mechanics of Materials

Example Problems
Example Problem 1 (6.120) The composite beam is made of 6061-T6 aluminum (A) and C83400 red brass (B). If the height h = 40 mm, Determine, the maximum moment that can be applied to the beam if the allowable bending stress for the aluminum is, al = 128 MPa and for the brass, br = 35 MPa?

Mechanics of Materials

Problem No: 6-121

A wood beam is reinforced with steel straps at its top and bottom as shown. Determine the maximum bending stress developed in the wood and steel if the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M = 5kNm. Sketch the stress distribution acting over the cross section. Take Ew = 11 GPa, Est = 200 GPa.

Mechanics of Materials