Physiological Basis of Behavior

Dimayuga, Zandra Maita B. Espiritu, Robert Jr. B. Macero, Don Michael N. Pacia, Rose Mardie C. Restituto, Kevin

Is it possible that everything one is, does, and experiences is a function of the brain?

To know how the NERVOUS SYSTEM affects one s behavior.

Physiology- The biological study of the functions of living

organisms and their parts.

Behavior-

refers to the actions of a system or organism, usually in relation to its environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, over t or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system is essentially a biological information highway, and is responsible for controlling all the biological processes and movement in the body, and can also receive information and interpret it via electrical signals.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC SYSTEM SPINAL CORD BRAIN AUTONOMIC SYSTEM

Components of the Nervous System

Neuron Specialized cell that serves

as the basic unit of the nervous system - It holds the secrets of how the brain works.

Neurons and Nerves

Neurons and Nerves

1. Dendrites - receive the information from another cell and are the one to transmit the message to the cell body. - Greek word dendron meaning tree . 2. Cell body - serves as the center of nourishment 3. Axon - conducts messages away from the cell body.

Neurons and Nerves

Three Types of Neurons: 1.) Sensory or Afferent Neurons transmit impulses received by receptors to the central nervous system. *Receptors Specialized cells in the sense organs, muscles, skin and joints that detect physical of chemical changes and translates this events into impulses that travel along the sensory neurons.

Neurons and Nerves

2.) Motor or Efferent Neurons Carry outgoing signals from the brain or spinal cord to the effector organs, namely the muscles and joints. 3.) Interneurons or Connector Neurons Receive the signals from the sensory neurons and send impulses to other interneurons or to motor neurons. - Found only in the brain eyes and spinal cord.

Neurons and Nerves

Communication of information between neurons is accomplished by movement of chemicals across a small gap called the synapse. Chemicals, called neurotransmitters, are released from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Neurotransmitters then cross the synapse where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor.

Neurons and Nerves

Nerve A bundle of elongated axons belonging to hundreds or thousands of neurons. - May contain axons from both sensory and motor neurons. Glial Cells From the Greek word Glia meaning glue . - Principal function is to hold the neurons in place.

Different Neurotransmitter Substances and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter 1. Acetylcholine Effects on Behavior Facilitates learning and memory Deficiency of ACH disrupts learning and memory
Too

2. Norepinephrine

little may lead to depression Too much causes hyperactivity

Different Neurotransmitter Substances and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter 3. Dopamine Effects on Behavior
Over

supply may lead to schizophrenic reaction Under supply causes Parkinsons Diseases (a neurological disorder disrupting coordinated movement)
Lack

4. Serotonin

of serotonin produces anemia Prevents dreaming in the waking state Considered as the worry chemical in the brain

Different Neurotransmitter Substances and their Effects on Behavior

Neurotransmitter 5. GABA (gamma acid aminobutyric acid) 6. Endorphins Effects on Behavior
Decreases

the activity of

the neuron May decrease levels of anxiety  Pain relieving effect; a neuropeptide

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

is effectively the centre of the nervous system, the part of it that processes the information received from the peripheral nervous system. responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the peripheral nervous system and also sends out signals to it, either consciously or unconsciously.

It consists of:

The Brain

the largest part of the nervous system that is protected by the skull.

The Brain
4 LOBES: 1. Frontal Lobe- considered our emotional control center and home to our personality. -attains maturity when the individual is around the age of 25. -involved in: motor function judgment problem solving language social and sexual behavior spontaneity initiation memory impulse control -damage: spontaneous facial expression Aphasia loss of fine movements and strength of the arms hands and fingers

2. Parietal Lobe- can be divided into two functional regions. - involved in: information processing movement visual perception spatial orientation recognition speech perception of stimuli, pain and touch sensation -damage: agraphia-difficulty with writing acalculia-difficulty with mathematics agnosia-inability to perceive objects normally anosagnosia denial of deficits

3. Temporal Lobe- involved in the primary organization of sensory input -contain the primary auditory cortex, and hence, are responsible for all auditory processing - distinguishing and discrimination of smell and sound from other smells and sounds respectively. Between them, they control visual memory (right lobe) and verbal memory (left lobe) -object categorizing -contain the hippocampus, responsible for formation of long-term memory and sorting new information -damage: difficulty placing words or pictures into categories, loss of inhibition of talking, altered personality and affective behavior, altered sexual behavior

4. Occipital Lobe- center of our visual perception system -located on the tentorium cerebelli, that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum -Peristriate region of the occipital lobe is involved in visuospatial processing, discrimination of movement and color discrimination -damage: loss of vision visual hallucinations and illusions

3 Divisions of the Human Brain

Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

Hindbrain
- Is close to the spinal cord - Composed of the Medulla Oblongata, Pons And Cerebellum MEDULLA OBLONGATA has an important role in heartbeat, breathing, and blood circulation. PONS Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the cerebellum as well as the tracts of sensory and motor nerve fibers that connect upper brain to the spinal cord CEREBELLUM maintains posture, coordinates muscular activities. Such as walking, writing & dancing. - called organ of motor coordination.

Midbrain
Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord and functions as part of the overall impulse conduction system. It also controls some auditory and visual responses such as regulation of the size of the pupil of the eye.

Forebrain
Differentiates man s brain from animals. Is composed of two large hemispheres Important parts are: - THALAMUS - HYPOTHALAMUS - CEREBRUM - The main area of the forebrain, governs emotion, learning, thinking, remembering and sense perception.

THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS

One region for senses Control sleep and wakefulness stress center - role in emotion in our response to stress producing situation Governs eating, drinking and sexual behaviour Regulates Homeostasis

HOMEOSTASIS
Normal level of functioning characteristic of healthy organism such as normal body temperature, heat rate and blood pressure

Thalamus Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor impulses that travel to and from the cerebrum Hypothalamus Controls body temperature, metabolism, hunger and thirsts

RETICULAR SYSTEM
Network of neural circuits that extends from the lower brain stem up to the thalamus, transversing through some of the other central core structures. role of controlling our state of arousal (state of being awake or reactive to stimuli) role of giving the ability to focus attention on particular stimuli influences our state of consciousness at any moment by the filtering process

Spinal Cord
- connected to the brain descending down the middle of the back and is surrounded and protected by the bony vertebral column. - surrounded by a clear fluid called the cerebral spinal fluid that acts as a cushion to protect the delicate nerve tissues against damage

Spinal Cord
- the message pipeline - conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain - Messages transmitting pain, movement, temperature, touch, and vibration regarding the skin, joints, muscles, and internal organs are all relayed through the spinal cord.

Look at the chart and say the color not the word

YELLOW BLACK PURPLE

BLUE RED YELLOW GREEN RED GREEN

ORANGE GREEN RED BLACK

ORANGE BLUE

PURPLE

BLUE ORANGE

Left Right Conflict

Your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain insists on reading the word

Hemispheres of the Brain

Cortical Areas and their Functions

Motor Area Controls the voluntary movements of the body. Somatosensory Area Area in which we can sense the feeling of touch. Visual Area Brain area connected to the eyes.

Cortical Areas and their Functions

Auditory Area Involved in the analysis of complex auditory signals. Association Area The many large areas of the cerebral cortex that are not directly concerned with sensory or motor processes.

Cortical Areas and their Functions

Two Parts of the Association Areas: Frontal Association Area appear to play an important role in thought processes required for problem solving. Posterior Association Area Contains different subareas that help in each particular sense.

Peripheral Nervous System

Connects the central nervous system to different parts of the body. Two types of neurons: sensory and motor. Subdivisions of PNS: somatic and autonomic.

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Division Sympathetic Division

Divisions of PNS
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary control of body movements. Reflex arcs - automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output.

Autonomic Nervous System

Control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.

Sympathetic Nervous System vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System involved in the fight or flight response during emergency situation or in high emotion. It increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations. activities, such as digestion.

Parasympathetic nervous system

that is involved in rest or repose system as it quiets the body and returns it to a lower intensity of arousal. It is involved in relaxation. It conserves energy and controls sedentary

Enteric Nervous System

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, but sometimes treated as independent system. Also described as the second brain.

Did You Know That. . .

1. If you cut into a person s brain while he s awake, he will not feel pain

Did You Know That. . .

2. human brain could survive up to 15 minutes without oxygen 3. The slowest speed information travels in the brain is 260 mph, faster than the fastestrecorded supercar s top speed of 253 mph 4. More electrical impulses are generated in one day by a single brain than by all the telephones in the world.

Did You Know That. . .

5. After age 30, the brain shrinks a quarter of a percent (.25%) in mass each year. 6. An average person s short-term memory can only hold 7 digits at a time, which is why telephone numbers are seven digits long. 7. Although we associate yawning with sleepiness and boredom, its function is actually to wake us up by allowing more oxygen to enter the brain.

Did You Know That. . .

8. An estimated 70,000 thoughts are produced by the brain on an average day. 9. The brain thinks more at night than any other time.

Did You Know That. . .

10.

In 1848, a man s brain was pierced without killing him.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!