Les4e PPT Ch07

Chapter 7
Hypothesis Testing with One Sample
Larson/Farber 4th ed.
Chapter Outline
7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Large Samples) 7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Small Samples) 7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proportions 7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard Deviation
Section 7.1
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Section 7.1 Objectives

State a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis Identify type I and type I errors and interpret the level of significance Determine whether to use a one-tailed or two-tailed statistical test and find a p-value Make and interpret a decision based on the results of a statistical test Write a claim for a hypothesis test
Hypothesis Tests
Hypothesis test A process that uses sample statistics to test a claim about the value of a population parameter. For example: An automobile manufacturer advertises that its new hybrid car has a mean mileage of 50 miles per gallon. To test this claim, a sample would be taken. If the sample mean differs enough from the advertised mean, you can decide the advertisement is wrong.
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Hypothesis Tests
Statistical hypothesis A statement, or claim, about a population parameter. Need a pair of hypotheses one that represents the claim the other, its complement When one of these hypotheses is false, the other must be true.
Stating a Hypothesis
Null hypothesis A statistical hypothesis that contains a statement of equality such as e, =, or u. Denoted H0 read H subzero or H naught. Alternative hypothesis A statement of inequality such as >, {, or <. Must be true if H0 is false. Denoted Ha read H sub-a.
complementary statements
Stating a Hypothesis
To write the null and alternative hypotheses, translate the claim made about the population parameter from a verbal statement to a mathematical statement. Then write its complement. H0: k Ha: > k H 0: k Ha: < k H0: = k Ha: k
Regardless of which pair of hypotheses you use, you always assume = k and examine the sampling distribution on the basis of this assumption.
Example: Stating the Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim. 1. A university publicizes that the proportion of its students who graduate in 4 years is 82%. Solution: H0: p = 0.82 Ha: p 0.82
Equality condition (Claim) Complement of H0

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Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim. 2. A water faucet manufacturer announces that the mean flow rate of a certain type of faucet is less than 2.5 gallons per minute. Solution: H0: 2.5 gallons per minute Ha:
< 2.5 gallons per minute
Complement of Ha Inequality (Claim) condition

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Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and alternative hypotheses and identify which represents the claim. 3. A cereal company advertises that the mean weight of the contents of its 20-ounce size cereal boxes is more than 20 ounces. Solution: H0: 20 ounces Ha:
> 20 ounces
Complement of Ha Inequality (Claim) condition

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Types of Errors
No matter which hypothesis represents the claim, always begin the hypothesis test assuming that the equality condition in the null hypothesis is true. At the end of the test, one of two decisions will be made: reject the null hypothesis fail to reject the null hypothesis Because your decision is based on a sample, there is the possibility of making the wrong decision.
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Types of Errors
Actual Truth of H0 H0 is true H0 is false Correct Decision Type I Error Type II Error Correct Decision
Decision Do not reject H0 Reject H0
A type I error occurs if the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. A type II error occurs if the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false.
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Example: Identifying Type I and Type II Errors

The USDA limit for salmonella contamination for chicken is 20%. A meat inspector reports that the chicken produced by a company exceeds the USDA limit. You perform a hypothesis test to determine whether the meat inspectors claim is true. When will a type I or type II error occur? Which is more serious?
(Source: United States Department of Agriculture)
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Solution: Identifying Type I and Type II Errors

Let p represent the proportion of chicken that is contaminated. Hypotheses: H0: p 0.2 Ha: p > 0.2 (Claim)
Chicken meets USDA limits. H0: p 0.20 0.16
Chicken exceeds USDA limits. H0: p > 0.20
p
0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24
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Hypotheses: H0: p 0.2 Ha: p > 0.2 (Claim) A type I error is rejecting H0 when it is true. The actual proportion of contaminated chicken is less than or equal to 0.2, but you decide to reject H0. A type II error is failing to reject H0 when it is false. The actual proportion of contaminated chicken is greater than 0.2, but you do not reject H0.
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Hypotheses: H0: p 0.2 Ha: p > 0.2 (Claim) With a type I error, you might create a health scare and hurt the sales of chicken producers who were actually meeting the USDA limits. With a type II error, you could be allowing chicken that exceeded the USDA contamination limit to be sold to consumers. A type II error could result in sickness or even death.
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Level of Significance
Level of significance Your maximum allowable probability of making a type I error. Denoted by E, the lowercase Greek letter alpha. By setting the level of significance at a small value, you are saying that you want the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis to be small. Commonly used levels of significance: E = 0.10 E = 0.05 E = 0.01 P(type II error) = (beta)
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Statistical Tests
After stating the null and alternative hypotheses and specifying the level of significance, a random sample is taken from the population and sample statistics are calculated. The statistic that is compared with the parameter in the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.
Population parameter Test statistic Standardized test statistic z (Section 7.2 n u 30) t (Section 7.3 n < 30) z (Section 7.4) 2 (Section 7.5)
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x
p
2
p
s2
P-values
P-value (or probability value) The probability, if the null hypothesis is true, of obtaining a sample statistic with a value as extreme or more extreme than the one determined from the sample data. Depends on the nature of the test.
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Nature of the Test

Three types of hypothesis tests left-tailed test right-tailed test two-tailed test The type of test depends on the region of the sampling distribution that favors a rejection of H0. This region is indicated by the alternative hypothesis.
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Left-tailed Test
The alternative hypothesis Ha contains the less-than inequality symbol (<). H 0: u k Ha: < k
P is the area to the left of the test statistic.
z
-3
-2
-1
Test statistic
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Right-tailed Test
The alternative hypothesis Ha contains the greaterthan inequality symbol (>). H 0: k P is the area Ha: > k
to the right of the test statistic.
-3
-2
-1
Test statistic
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Two-tailed Test
The alternative hypothesis Ha contains the not equal inequality symbol (). Each tail has an area of P. H0: = k Ha: { k
P is twice the area to the left of the negative test statistic. P is twice the area to the right of the positive test statistic.
-3
-2
-1
Test statistic
Test statistic
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Example: Identifying The Nature of a Test

For each claim, state H0 and Ha. Then determine whether the hypothesis test is a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test. Sketch a normal sampling distribution and shade the area for the P-value. 1. A university publicizes that the proportion of its students who graduate in 4 years is 82%. Solution: H0: p = 0.82 P-value P-value Ha: p 0.82 area area Two-tailed test
-z
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For each claim, state H0 and Ha. Then determine whether the hypothesis test is a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test. Sketch a normal sampling distribution and shade the area for the P-value. 2. A water faucet manufacturer announces that the mean flow rate of a certain type of faucet is less than 2.5 gallons per minute. Solution: P-value H0: 2.5 gpm area < 2.5 gpm Ha: Left-tailed test
-z
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For each claim, state H0 and Ha. Then determine whether the hypothesis test is a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test. Sketch a normal sampling distribution and shade the area for the P-value. 3. A cereal company advertises that the mean weight of the contents of its 20-ounce size cereal boxes is more than 20 ounces. Solution: P-value H0: 20 oz area Ha: > 20 oz Right-tailed test
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Making a Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value Compare the P-value with E. If P e E, then reject H0. If P > E, then fail to reject H0.
Claim Decision Reject H0 Fail to reject H0 Claim is H0
There is enough evidence to reject the claim There is not enough evidence to reject the claim
Claim is Ha
There is enough evidence to support the claim There is not enough evidence to support the claim
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Example: Interpreting a Decision

You perform a hypothesis test for the following claim. How should you interpret your decision if you reject H0? If you fail to reject H0? 1. H0 (Claim): A university publicizes that the proportion of its students who graduate in 4 years is 82%.
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Solution: Interpreting a Decision

The claim is represented by H0. If you reject H0 you should conclude there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the universitys claim is false. If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the universitys claim (of a four-year graduation rate of 82%) is false.
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Example: Interpreting a Decision

You perform a hypothesis test for the following claim. How should you interpret your decision if you reject H0? If you fail to reject H0? 2. Ha (Claim): Consumer Reports states that the mean stopping distance (on a dry surface) for a Honda Civic is less than 136 feet. Solution: The claim is represented by Ha. H0 is the mean stopping distanceis greater than or equal to 136 feet.
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Solution: Interpreting a Decision

If you reject H0 you should conclude there is enough evidence to support Consumer Reports claim that the stopping distance for a Honda Civic is less than 136 feet. If you fail to reject H0, you should conclude there is not enough evidence to support Consumer Reports claim that the stopping distance for a Honda Civic is less than 136 feet.
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Steps for Hypothesis Testing

1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. H0: ? Ha: ? 2. Specify the level of significance. This sampling distribution is based on the assumption = ? that H0 is true. 3. Determine the standardized sampling distribution and draw its graph. z 0 4. Calculate the test statistic and its standardized value. Add it to your sketch. z 0
Test statistic
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Steps for Hypothesis Testing

5. Find the P-value. 6. Use the following decision rule.
Is the P-value less than or equal to the level of significance?
Yes No
Fail to reject H0.
Reject H0.
7. Write a statement to interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.
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Section 7.1 Summary

Stated a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis Identified type I and type I errors and interpreted the level of significance Determined whether to use a one-tailed or two-tailed statistical test and found a p-value Made and interpreted a decision based on the results of a statistical test Wrote a claim for a hypothesis test
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Section 7.2
Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Large Samples)
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Find P-values and use them to test a mean Use P-values for a z-test Find critical values and rejection regions in a normal distribution Use rejection regions for a z-test
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Using P-values to Make a Decision

Decision Rule Based on P-value To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis test, compare the P-value with E. 1. If P e E, then reject H0. 2. If P > E, then fail to reject H0.
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Example: Interpreting a P-value

The P-value for a hypothesis test is P = 0.0237. What is your decision if the level of significance is 1. 0.05? Solution: Because 0.0237 < 0.05, you should reject the null hypothesis. 2. 0.01? Solution: Because 0.0237 > 0.01, you should fail to reject the null hypothesis.
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Finding the P-value

After determining the hypothesis tests standardized test statistic and the test statistics corresponding area, do one of the following to find the P-value. a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail). b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail). c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic).
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Example: Finding the P-value

Find the P-value for a left-tailed hypothesis test with a test statistic of z = -2.23. Decide whether to reject H0 if the level of significance is = 0.01. Solution: For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail) P = 0.0129
-2.23 0
z
Because 0.0129 > 0.01, you should fail to reject H0

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Example: Finding the P-value

Find the P-value for a two-tailed hypothesis test with a test statistic of z = 2.14. Decide whether to reject H0 if the level of significance is = 0.05. Solution: For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic)
1 0.9838 = 0.0162 2.14
z
0.9838 0
P = 2(0.0162) = 0.0324
Because 0.0324 < 0.05, you should reject H0

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Z-Test for a Mean

Can be used when the population is normal and W is known, or for any population when the sample size n is at least 30. The test statistic is the sample mean x The standardized test statistic is z
z! x Q W n W ! standard error ! W x n
When n u 30, the sample standard deviation s can be substituted for W.

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Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean

In Words
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. 2. Specify the level of significance. 3. Determine the standardized test statistic. 4. Find the area that corresponds to z.
In Symbols
State H0 and Ha.
Identify E.
x Q z! W n
Use Table 4 in Appendix B.
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Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean

In Words In Symbols
5. Find the P-value. a. For a left-tailed test, P = (Area in left tail). b. For a right-tailed test, P = (Area in right tail). c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2(Area in tail of test statistic). Reject H0 if P-value 6. Make a decision to reject or is less than or equal fail to reject the null hypothesis. to E. Otherwise, fail to reject H0. 7. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.
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Example: Hypothesis Testing Using Pvalues

In an advertisement, a pizza shop claims that its mean delivery time is less than 30 minutes. A random selection of 36 delivery times has a sample mean of 28.5 minutes and a standard deviation of 3.5 minutes. Is there enough evidence to support the claim at E = 0.01? Use a P-value.
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Solution: Hypothesis Testing Using Pvalues

H0: 30 min Ha: < 30 min E = 0.01 Test Statistic: P-value
0.0051 -2.57 0
z
z!
!
xQ n 28.5 30
3.5 36 ! 2.57
Decision: 0.0051 < 0.01 Reject H0 At the 1% level of significance, you have sufficient evidence to conclude the mean delivery time is less than 30 minutes.
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Example: Hypothesis Testing Using Pvalues

You think that the average franchise investment information shown in the graph is incorrect, so you randomly select 30 franchises and determine the necessary investment for each. The sample mean investment is $135,000 with a standard deviation of $30,000. Is there enough evidence to support your claim at E = 0.05? Use a P-value.
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Solution: Hypothesis Testing Using Pvalues

H0: = $143,260 Ha: $143,260 E = 0.05 Test Statistic: P-value
0.0655 -1.51 0
z
P = 2(0.0655) = 0.1310
z!
!
xQ n 135, 000 143, 260 30

W
30, 000 ! 1.51

Decision: 0.1310 > 0.05 Fail to reject H0 At the 5% level of significance, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude the mean franchise investment is different from $143,260.
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Rejection Regions and Critical Values

Rejection region (or critical region) The range of values for which the null hypothesis is not probable. If a test statistic falls in this region, the null hypothesis is rejected. A critical value z0 separates the rejection region from the nonrejection region.
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Rejection Regions and Critical Values

Finding Critical Values in a Normal Distribution 1. Specify the level of significance E. 2. Decide whether the test is left-, right-, or two-tailed. 3. Find the critical value(s) z0. If the hypothesis test is a. left-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to an area of E, b. right-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to an area of 1 E, c. two-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to E and 1 E. 4. Sketch the standard normal distribution. Draw a vertical line at each critical value and shade the rejection region(s).
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Example: Finding Critical Values

Find the critical value and rejection region for a twotailed test with E = 0.05. Solution:
= 0.025
z0 -z0 = -1.96
= 0.95 = 0.025
0 z0 =z0 1.96
The rejection regions are to the left of -z0 = -1.96 and to the right of z0 = 1.96.
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Decision Rule Based on Rejection Region

To use a rejection region to conduct a hypothesis test, calculate the standardized test statistic, z. If the standardized test statistic 1. is in the rejection region, then reject H0. 2. is not in the rejection region, then fail to reject H0.
Fail to reject H0. Reject H0. z < z0
z0
0
Fail to reject Ho. Reject Ho. z Fail to reject H0

0
z0
z > z0
Left-Tailed Test
Reject H0
Right-Tailed Test
z < -z0 z0

Reject H0 z z > z0 z0 53
Two-Tailed Test
Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a Mean

In Words
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. 2. Specify the level of significance. 3. Sketch the sampling distribution. 4. Determine the critical value(s). 5. Determine the rejection region(s).
In Symbols
State H0 and Ha.
Identify E. Use Table 4 in Appendix B.
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Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for a Mean

In Words
6. Find the standardized test statistic. 7. Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. 8. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.
In Symbols
z! x Q or if n u 30 W n
use W } s.
If z is in the rejection region, reject H0. Otherwise, fail to reject H0.
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Example: Testing with Rejection Regions

Employees in a large accounting firm claim that the mean salary of the firms accountants is less than that of its competitors, which is $45,000. A random sample of 30 of the firms accountants has a mean salary of $43,500 with a standard deviation of $5200. At = 0.05, test the employees claim.
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Solution: Testing with Rejection Regions

H0: $45,000 Ha: < $45,000 E = 0.05 Rejection Region: Test Statistic x Q 43,500 45, 000 z! ! 5200 30 W n
0.05 -1.645 0
z
-1.58
! 1.58 Decision: Fail to reject H0 At the 5% level of significance, there is not sufficient evidence to support the employees claim that the mean salary is less than $45,000.
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Example: Testing with Rejection Regions

The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that the mean cost of raising a child from birth to age 2 in a rural area is $10,460. You believe this value is incorrect, so you select a random sample of 900 children (age 2) and find that the mean cost is $10,345 with a standard deviation of $1540. At = 0.05, is there enough evidence to conclude that the mean cost is different from $10,460? (Adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion)
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Solution: Testing with Rejection Regions

H0: = $10,460 Ha: $10,460 E = 0.05 Rejection Region: Test Statistic x Q 10 345 10 460 ! ! W n 1540 900
0.025 -1.96 0
0.025 1.96
z
-2.24
! 2 24 Decision: Reject H0 At the 5% level of significance, you have enough evidence to conclude the mean cost of raising a child from birth to age 2 in a rural area is significantly different from $10,460.
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Section 7.2 Summary

Found P-values and used them to test a mean Used P-values for a z-test Found critical values and rejection regions in a normal distribution Used rejection regions for a z-test
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Section 7.3
Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Small Samples)
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Find critical values in a t-distribution Use the t-test to test a mean Use technology to find P-values and use them with a t-test to test a mean
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Finding Critical Values in a t-Distribution

1. Identify the level of significance E. 2. Identify the degrees of freedom d.f. = n 1. 3. Find the critical value(s) using Table 5 in Appendix B in the row with n 1 degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis test is a. left-tailed, use One Tail, E column with a negative sign, b. right-tailed, use One Tail, E column with a positive sign, c. two-tailed, use Two Tails, E column with a negative and a positive sign.
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Example: Finding Critical Values for t

Find the critical value t0 for a left-tailed test given E = 0.05 and n = 21. Solution: The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n 1 = 21 1 = 20. Look at = 0.05 in the One Tail, E column. Because the test is lefttailed, the critical value is negative.
0.05 -1.725 0
t
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Example: Finding Critical Values for t

Find the critical values t0 and -t0 for a two-tailed test given E = 0.05 and n = 26. Solution: The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n 1 = 26 1 = 25. Look at = 0.05 in the Two Tail, E column. Because the test is twotailed, one critical value is negative and one is positive.
0.025 -2.060 0
0.025 2.060
t
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t-Test for a Mean
(n < 30, W Unknown)
t-Test for a Mean A statistical test for a population mean. The t-test can be used when the population is normal or nearly normal, W is unknown, and n < 30. The test statistic is the sample mean x The standardized test statistic is t.
x Q t! s n
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n 1.
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Using the t-Test for a Mean (Small Sample)

In Words
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. 2. Specify the level of significance. 3. Identify the degrees of freedom and sketch the sampling distribution. 4. Determine any critical value(s).
In Symbols
State H0 and Ha.
Identify E. d.f. = n 1.

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Using the t-Test for a Mean (Small Sample)

In Words
5. Determine any rejection region(s). 6. Find the standardized test statistic. 7. Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. 8. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.
In Symbols
x Q t! s n
If t is in the rejection region, reject H0. Otherwise, fail to reject H0.
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Example: Testing
with a Small Sample
A used car dealer says that the mean price of a 2005 Honda Pilot LX is at least $23,900. You suspect this claim is incorrect and find that a random sample of 14 similar vehicles has a mean price of $23,000 and a standard deviation of $1113. Is there enough evidence to reject the dealers claim at = 0.05? Assume the population is normally distributed. (Adapted from Kelley
Blue Book)
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Solution: Testing
H0: $23,900 Ha: < $23,900 = 0.05 df = 14 1 = 13 Rejection Region:
with a Small Sample

Test Statistic:
t! x Q s n ! 23, 000 23,900 1113 14 } 3.026
Decision: Reject H0
0.05 -1.771 0
t
-3.026
At the 0.05 level of significance, there is enough evidence to reject the claim that the mean price of a 2005 Honda Pilot LX is at least $23,900
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Example: Testing
with a Small Sample
An industrial company claims that the mean pH level of the water in a nearby river is 6.8. You randomly select 19 water samples and measure the pH of each. The sample mean and standard deviation are 6.7 and 0.24, respectively. Is there enough evidence to reject the companys claim at = 0.05? Assume the population is normally distributed.
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Solution: Testing
H0: = 6.8 Ha: 6.8 = 0.05 df = 19 1 = 18 Rejection Region:
0.025 2.101
t
with a Small Sample

Test Statistic:
t! x Q s n ! 6.7 6.8 0.24 19 } 1.816
Decision: Fail to reject H0
0.025 -2.101 0
At the 0.05 level of significance, there is not enough evidence to reject the claim that the mean pH is 6.8.
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-1.816
Example: Using P-values with t-Tests

The American Automobile Association claims that the mean daily meal cost for a family of four traveling on vacation in Florida is $118. A random sample of 11 such families has a mean daily meal cost of $128 with a standard deviation of $20. Is there enough evidence to reject the claim at = 0.10? Assume the population is normally distributed. (Adapted from American Automobile
Association)
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Solution: Using P-values with t-Tests

H 0: H a:
= $118 $118
Calculate: Draw:
TI-83/84set up:
Decision: 0.1664 > 0.10 Fail to reject H0. At the 0.10 level of significance, there
is not enough evidence to reject the claim that the mean daily meal cost for a family of four traveling on vacation in Florida is $118.
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Section 7.3 Summary

Found critical values in a t-distribution Used the t-test to test a mean Used technology to find P-values and used them with a t-test to test a mean
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Section 7.4
Hypothesis Testing for Proportions
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Use the z-test to test a population proportion p
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z-Test for a Population Proportion

z-Test for a Population Proportion A statistical test for a population proportion. Can be used when a binomial distribution is given such that np u 5 and nq u 5. The test statistic is the sample proportion . The standardized test statistic is z.
pQp p p z! ! Wp pq n
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Using a z-Test for a Proportion p

Verify that np 5 and nq 5 In Words
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. 2. Specify the level of significance. 3. Sketch the sampling distribution. 4. Determine any critical value(s). Use Table 5 in Appendix B.
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In Symbols
State H0 and Ha.
Identify E.
Using a z-Test for a Proportion p

In Words
In Symbols
p p z! pq n
If z is in the rejection region, reject H0. Otherwise, fail to reject H0.
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Example: Hypothesis Test for Proportions

Zogby International claims that 45% of people in the United States support making cigarettes illegal within the next 5 to 10 years. You decide to test this claim and ask a random sample of 200 people in the United States whether they support making cigarettes illegal within the next 5 to 10 years. Of the 200 people, 49% support this law. At = 0.05 is there enough evidence to reject the claim? Solution: Verify that np 5 and nq 5. np = 200(0.45) = 90 and nq = 200(0.55) = 110
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Solution: Hypothesis Test for Proportions

H0: p = 0.45 Ha: p 0.45 E = 0.05 Rejection Region: Test Statistic 0. 0. p p z! ! (0. )(0. ) 00 pq n
0.025 -1.96 0
0.025 1.96
z
1.14
} 1.14 Decision: Fail to reject H0 At the 5% level of significance, there is not enough evidence to reject the claim that 45% of people in the U.S. support making cigarettes illegal within the next 5 to 10 years.
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Example: Hypothesis Test for Proportions

The Pew Research Center claims that more than 55% of U.S. adults regularly watch their local television news. You decide to test this claim and ask a random sample of 425 adults in the United States whether they regularly watch their local television news. Of the 425 adults, 255 respond yes. At = 0.05 is there enough evidence to support the claim? Solution: Verify that np 5 and nq 5. np = 425(0.55) 234 and nq = 425 (0.45) 191
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Solution: Hypothesis Test for Proportions

H0: p 0.55 Ha: p > 0.55 E = 0.05 Rejection Region: Test Statistic 255 425 0.55 p p z! ! (0.55)(0.45) 425 pq n
0.05 0 1.645
z
2.07
! 2.07 Decision: Reject H0 At the 5% level of significance, there is enough evidence to support the claim that more than 55% of U.S. adults regularly watch their local television news.
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Section 7.4 Summary

Used the z-test to test a population proportion p
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Section 7.5
Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard Deviation
86

Find critical values for a 2-test Use the 2-test to test a variance or a standard deviation
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Finding Critical Values for the
2-Test
1. Specify the level of significance E. 2. Determine the degrees of freedom d.f. = n 1. 3. The critical values for the 2-distribution are found in Table 6 of Appendix B. To find the critical value(s) for a a. right-tailed test, use the value that corresponds to d.f. and E. b. left-tailed test, use the value that corresponds to d.f. and 1 E. c. two-tailed test, use the values that corresponds to d.f. and E and d.f. and 1 E.
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Finding Critical Values for the

Right-tailed
1
E
2
2-Test
Left-tailed
E
1
2
G 02
G02
Two-tailed
1 E 2
1
2 GR
1 E 2
2
2 GL
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Example: Finding Critical Values for

Find the critical 2-value for a left-tailed test when n = 11 and E = 0.01. Solution: Degrees of freedom: n 1 = 11 1 = 10 d.f. The area to the right of the critical value is 1 E = 1 0.01 = 0.99.
0.01
2
2 2 G0 G02.558 !
From Table 6, the critical value is G02 ! 2.558.

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Example: Finding Critical Values for

Find the critical 2-value for a two-tailed test when n = 13 and E = 0.01. Solution: Degrees of freedom: n 1 = 13 1 = 12 d.f. The areas to the right of the critical values are
1 E ! 0.005 2 1 1 E ! 0.995 2
2 GR ! 28.299
1 E ! 0.005 2
2 L
1 E ! 0.005 2
2
2 2 2 G L3.074 GRG R 28.299 ! G !
2 From Table 6, the critical values are GL ! 3.074 and
91
The Chi-Square Test

2-Test
for a Variance or Standard Deviation A statistical test for a population variance or standard deviation. Can be used when the population is normal. The test statistic is s2. The standardized test statistic 2 follows a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom d.f. = n 1.
(n 1)s G ! W2
2
92
Using the 2-Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation

In Words
1. State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. 2. Specify the level of significance. 3. Determine the degrees of freedom and sketch the sampling distribution. 4. Determine any critical value(s).
In Symbols
State H0 and Ha.
Identify E. d.f. = n 1

93
Using the 2-Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation

In Words
In Symbols
(n 1)s 2 G ! W2
2
If 2 is in the rejection region, reject H0. Otherwise, fail to reject H0.

94
Example: Hypothesis Test for the Population Variance

A dairy processing company claims that the variance of the amount of fat in the whole milk processed by the company is no more than 0.25. You suspect this is wrong and find that a random sample of 41 milk containers has a variance of 0.27. At = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the companys claim? Assume the population is normally distributed.
95
Solution: Hypothesis Test for the Population Variance

H0: 2 0.25 Ha: 2 > 0.25 = 0.05 df = 41 1 = 40 Rejection Region:
E ! 0.05
2
Test Statistic: ( n 1) s (41 1)(0.27) G ! ! 2 0.25 W ! 43.2

2 2
Decision: Fail to Reject H0

At the 5% level of significance, there is not enough evidence to reject the companys claim that the variance of the amount of fat in the whole milk is no more than 0.25.
96
55.758
43.2
Example: Hypothesis Test for the Standard Deviation

A restaurant claims that the standard deviation in the length of serving times is less than 2.9 minutes. A random sample of 23 serving times has a standard deviation of 2.1 minutes. At = 0.10, is there enough evidence to support the restaurants claim? Assume the population is normally distributed.
97
Solution: Hypothesis Test for the Standard Deviation

H0: 2.9 min. Ha: < 2.9 min. = 0.10 df = 23 1 = 22 Rejection Region:
E ! 0.10
2
Test Statistic:
(n 1) s 2 (23 1)(2.1) 2 2 G ! ! 2 2 W 2.9 ! 11.536

Decision: Reject H0
At the 10% level of significance, there is enough evidence to support the claim that the standard deviation for the length of serving times is less than 2.9 minutes.
98
14.042
11.536
Example: Hypothesis Test for the Population Variance

A sporting goods manufacturer claims that the variance of the strength in a certain fishing line is 15.9. A random sample of 15 fishing line spools has a variance of 21.8. At = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the manufacturers claim? Assume the population is normally distributed.
99
Solution: Hypothesis Test for the Population Variance

H0: 2 = 15.9 Ha: 2 15.9 = 0.05 df = 15 1 = 14 Rejection Region:
1 E ! 0.025 2
2
Test Statistic:
(n 1) s 2 (15 1)(21.8) 2 G ! ! 2 W 15.9 } 19.194

Decision: Fail to Reject H0
At the 5% level of significance, there is not enough evidence to reject the claim that the variance in the strength of the fishing line is 15.9.
100
5.629
26.119
19.194
Section 7.5 Summary

Found critical values for a 2-test Used the 2-test to test a variance or a standard deviation
101

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Chapter 7

Hypothesis Testing with One Sample

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Section 7.1 Objectives

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Example: Stating the Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Equality condition (Claim) Complement of H0

Example: Stating the Null and Alternative Hypotheses

< 2.5 gallons per minute

Complement of Ha Inequality (Claim) condition

Example: Stating the Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Complement of Ha Inequality (Claim) condition

Decision Do not reject H0 Reject H0

Example: Identifying Type I and Type II Errors

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Solution: Identifying Type I and Type II Errors

Chicken exceeds USDA limits. H0: p > 0.20

Solution: Identifying Type I and Type II Errors

Solution: Identifying Type I and Type II Errors

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Nature of the Test

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Example: Identifying The Nature of a Test

Example: Identifying The Nature of a Test

Example: Identifying The Nature of a Test

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Example: Interpreting a Decision

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Solution: Interpreting a Decision

Example: Interpreting a Decision

Solution: Interpreting a Decision

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Steps for Hypothesis Testing

Steps for Hypothesis Testing

Fail to reject H0.

Section 7.1 Summary

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Section 7.2 Objectives

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Using P-values to Make a Decision

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Example: Interpreting a P-value

Finding the P-value

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Example: Finding the P-value

Because 0.0129 > 0.01, you should fail to reject H0

Example: Finding the P-value

Because 0.0324 < 0.05, you should reject H0

Z-Test for a Mean

When n u 30, the sample standard deviation s can be substituted for W.

Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean

Example: Hypothesis Testing Using Pvalues

Larson/Farber 4th ed.

Solution: Hypothesis Testing Using Pvalues

xQ n 135, 000 143, 260 30

30, 000 ! 1.51

z < -z0 z0