NEERAI SHARMA

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O Accoiding io Han Gvth & Wvight Mi!!s ilai "Social
clange iefeis io wlaievei may lappen in couise of iime io
insiiiuiions, oideis and iole of social siiuciuie. Ii deals
wiil emeigence, giowil and decline of social siiuciuie.
O Movvis Ginsbvg & Bisanz say ilai "social clange
peiiains io clanges oi culiuial alieiaiions in ile social
siiuciuie. Tlese clanges may be in iis composiiion,
oiganizaiion, size of ile socieiy and culiuie of ile socieiy.
Tlese clanges, wlicl includes beliefs, values, noims oi
iules.
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O In bioad sense, social clanges incoipoiaie clanges in:
O beliefs and aiiiiudes
O posiiions, ioles and siaius of casi and class
O occupaiional paiiein based on VARNA
O social insiiiuiions, maiiiage, family, linslip class and
iiibe
O Social inieiaciions including in-iouclabiliiy, class and
casies.
O Social mobiliiy - inieimingling of casie and ile concepi
of modeinizaiion, wesieinizaiion and sansliiiizaiion.
Chanaes ln Soclal lnsLlLuLlons
O Mavviag: asie and Tiibal Endogamy was piaciised in socieiy in
ancieni and medieval iimes. A peison maiiying ouiside lis own casie
was] is osiiacized. Accoiding io Manu ssmliia, a peison can maiiy a
numbei of iimes, a Bialmin can maiiy iimes, Kslaiiiya- iimes,
Vaislya - : iimes and Sludia -i iime.
O Tle lings maiiied many iimes, bui afiei imposiiion of Indian Penal
ode undei seciion , Bigamy sucl muliiple maiiiages -Polygamy
aie an offence. Today exogamous (ouiside ile casie) maiiiages aie also
ialing place, bui io a limiied exieni and Goveinmeni aie also giving
iecogniiion io live in ielaiionslip.
O lild Maiiiage las been abolisled in i, bui ii siill pievails in ile
iuial India, as many clild maiiiages iales place eveiy yeai on ile eve of
"Aalla Teei] Alslya Tiiiiya". Widow maiiiage las been allowed by
widow iemaiiiage aci of i, wlicl las lead io impiovemeni in ile
siaius of ile windows in ile socieiy.
Chanaes ln Soclal lnsLlLuLlons
O ami!v: Tle ioini family sysiem is disiniegiaiing
fasi and is giving way io nucleai families. Tlis is
due io ile movemeni of youngsieis io oilei places
in seaicl of iobs. Tlis is leading io uibanizaiion.
Tle wealness of Nucleai family is ilai ii lacls
social secuiiiy and social insuiance feeling of
iogeileiness and ioleiance iowaids eacl oilei.
O inship: Tle class and iiibes aie geiiing divided
and ile people inside ilem aie becoming moie
and moie independeni 8 ile lin bonding is
loosening.
Soclal moblllLv
O Social mobiliiy is incieasing due io exogamous
maiiiages. Maiiiages aie now iuled by peisonal
cloice and noi by cloice of family. Anoilei facei
of social mobiliiy is ile piocess of Sansliiiizaiion
and wesieinizaiion, wlicl is woiling on ile
Indian socieiy foi aboui moie ilan o-o yeais
now. Reseivaiion (Special Piovisions in Tle
onsiiiuiion of India) and equal siaius of a peison
befoie law and in socieiy is anoilei cause of social
mobiliiy. Anoilei cause of social mobiliiy las
been due io inciease of educaiion and iole of piess
and media.
SanskrlLlsaLlon
O Tlis ieim was fiisi coined by emineni sociologisi
M N Siiniwas in a bool "Social lange in India".
Duiing lis siudy on ooig's of Mysoie, le
obseived ilai lowei class in socieiy iiy io imbibe
cusioms, food, dieiaiy labiis and iiiuals of ligl
casie oi dominani casie in ile socieiy specially
Bialmins, so ilai iley may claim liglei posiiion
in ile nesi geneializaiion. Tlis movemeni is fiom
lowei io liglei casie, in case of Bialmins modein
is called Bialmanizaiion.
JesLernlsaLlon
O Tlis concepi involves adopiing wesiein cusioms,
diess paiiein, food labiis eic. Tlis lappened
because of :oo yeais of Biiiisl Rai in India.
Geneially ile liglei casies in Indian Socieiy
adopied ilis, wlicl peicolaied down io middle
class as well. Tlese people geneially follow ile
piinciple of iaiionalizaiion and lumanism and
iley advocaied foi social iefoims in ile socieiy.
Chanaes ln sLaLus of SocleLv
O Siaius of women is fasi clanging in ile socieiy. Pieviously
ile women lad infeiioi siaius ilan men. Tley weie
dependeni on man. Tley lad io iemain in PARDA "Veil".
Many social disabiliiies weie ielaied io ilem sucl as SATI
oi SUTTEE, female infaniicides and no second maiiiage foi
widows. Bui ioday women aie laving same siaius as ilai of
men. Tley aie moie independeni, moie liieiaie and
insiead of siiiing ai lome, iley aie woiling in offices and
indusiiies. Tle evil of SATI is almosi non exisiing bui ile
evil cusiom of female infaniicide is siill pievailing in ile
socieiy because of wlicl male - female iaiio is decieasing
and accoiding io lasi census ii is : females pei iooo
male.
urbanlzaLlon
O Wiil ile inveni of indusiiializaiion and
modeinizaiion, people aie moving fiom villages io
ciiies, ilus uibanizaiion is ialing place and moie
and moie ciiies aie developed, wlicl is leading io
foimaiion of nucleai families, pioblem of slums in
socieiy and consumpiion of moie consumei
pioducis. Due io ilis people aie becoming moie
libeial and now do noi follow oiilodox iiiuals
Causes of 5oc|a| Changes
O VaUation: Tle spiead of modein educaiion siaiied
wiil effoiis of Biiiisleis in India. Tley piomoied
wesiein educaiion in India. Wesiein educaiion gave
ile piinciple of libeiiy, equaliiy, fiaieiniiy and ile
piinciple of iaiionalizaiion and lumanism. Tlis all
lead io foundaiion of egaliiaiian socieiy
9omu|gat|on of New Laws
O Biiiisleis biougli aboui piinciples of equaliiy
befoie law and same law code foi all. Tle law does
peimii libeiiy io liglei iwo VARNAs and a laislei
law foi lowei io VARNAs and oilei lowei casies.
Afiei ile independence, Goveinmeni passed ile
consiiiuiion wlicl piovided
O Rigli io equaliiy befoie law (Aiiicle i),
O Rigli io use public places and wealil (Aiiicle i),
9omu|gat|on of New Laws
O Rigli io equaliiy in maiieis of public
employmeni (Aiiicle i),
O Aboliiion of uniouclabiliiy (Aiiicle i),
O Aboliiion of iiiles (Aiiicle i),
O Aiiicle i piovides iigli io fieedom of (a) speecl
and expiession (b) assembly (c) io foim
associaiion and unions (d) movemeni (e)
iesidence excepi I 8 K and some iiibal aieas (g)
piaciice of any piofession.
o|e of 9ess and Med|a
O Wiil adveni of Piess, vaiious iouinals and new
papeis weie publisled wlicl spiead ile message of
equaliiy and libeiiy. Tlis enligliened ile uppei
classes fiisily and ilen ile masses laiei on. Tle
ievoluiionaiy ideas of Gaiibaldi, Haiold Lasli, Kail
Maix, and lailes Diclens biougli aboui social
awalening and clange in ile socieiy.
o|e of 5oc|a| efomes
O Tle social iefoimeis since ancieni age lave been
piopleis of social clange and lead ile
movemenis of equaliiy and libeiiy. In ancieni
age Buddla and Malaviia inspiied social
clange. In modein age Vivelananda, Dayanand
Saiaswaii, Slii Auibindo, Malaima Gandli and
Raia Ram Molan Roy pieacled againsi ile evil
of clild maiiiage, female infaniicide, SATI, and
widow iemaiiiage. Tley also advocaied foi equal
siaius foi eveiy one in ile socieiy.
@echno|ogy ap|d Indust|a||zat|on
O New ieclnological inveniions and modes of
pioduciion biougli aboui a clange in ile siandaids
of living, food and diess paiiein. Tlis all and class
sysiem, as eveiy one woils as a unii in facioiies and
modein offices.
lmpacL Cn 8uslness LnvlronmenL
O Economic Enviionmeni: Social lange las lead io
uibanisaiion and Indusiialisaiion. As moie and
moie people aie leaving villages moving iowaids
ciiies ileieby incieasing ile woilfoice of ile
indusiiies as iley aie woiling as slilled and semi-
slilled laboui. Tle iuial people aie seeling oilei
means of employmeni apaii fiom agiiculiuie. Tlis
all las lead io oveiall economic giowil.
eaal LnvlronmenL
O Tle onsiiiuiion las piovided foi iules of:
O Employmeni.
O Foimaiion of Unions and ileii Recogniiion.
O Adopiion of any piofession of youi cloice.
O No disciiminaiion in use of public places,
employmeni and of siaius. No piaciice of
uniouclabiliiy.
Tlis all las lead io a moie egaliiaiian socieiy.
9ollLlcal LnvlronmenL
O Tle piini and ielevision media las cieaied an
awaieness aboui:
O Demogiaplic Riglis.
O Benefiis of siable Goveinmeni.
O onsumei Riglis and consumeiism.
Tlis awaieness was iesponsible foi independence of ile
couniiy.
Soclal LnvlronmenL
O Social Insiiiuiions lave iiansfoimed.
O Diess paiiein and food paiiein of ile socieiy las
clanged.
O Socieiy is moie ioleiani and awalened now.
1echnoloalcal LnvlronmenL
O Spiead of educaiion las lead io cieaiion of a pool
of piofessionals and ieclnociais as moie and moie
engineeiing and piofessional colleges aie opening.
O Tlese piofessional aie pioving io be asseis foi ile
companies and indusiiies. Tlis las gieaily
impioved ile ieclnological as well as economic
enviionmeni of ile couniiy. Wlicl las lead io
gieaiei piospeiiiy and giowil.