Post-laboratory Discussion

First Departmental Exam

Microscopy
Review Parts and function of the microscope Computation of the CF Magnification of the drawing Principles of Microscopy

Some points to remember:

Plane side- sufficient amount of light Concave side artificial light is used Cedar oil oil used in oil immersion objective Xylol or xylene to remove the cedar oil

Plant Cell
Cell wall Composed of cellulose and hemicellulose, suberin, lignin and proteins Functions 1.provides shape to the cell 2.Contains and protects the protoplasm

Allium cepa

 Layers 1.Primary wall 2.Secondary wall Middle lamella composed of pectic substances binds cells; found between 2 adjacent cell Hydrolyzed by the enzyme pectinase when the fruit ripens softening

Nucleus Functions 1.control center of the cell 2.cellular reproduction 3.Controls and directs protein synthesis

nucleus

Protoplasm cytoplasm & nucleoplasm Cytoplasmic streaming / CYCLOSIS - Distributes nutrients, gases and wastes all over the cell - counterclockwise and clockwise direction - Directs chloroplast to the direction of sunlight

Hydrilla verticellata

Plastids - are round, oval and disk-shaped bodies found in the cells of green plants 1.Proplastids - In young cells, from which other plastids may develop. 2. Chloroplasts - with green pigment called chlorophyll - functions in photosynthesis

3. Chromoplasts - plastids responsible for the red, yellow, brown or orange color of many fruits and veggies - pigments are called carotenoid such as xanthophyll and carotene lipidsoluble
Capsicum frutescens

4. Leucoplast - colorless plastid that is responsible for food storage. Amyloplast stores starch; stains bluish-black in iodine in potassium iodide solution (IKI) Elaioplast- fats & oils Aleuroneplast- proteins

Solanum tuberosum

Vacuole - watery compartment surrounded by a membrane called the TONOPLAST - houses or contains metabolic wastes - stores water, salts, starch, protein bodies and granules Pigments anthocyanin
- Trandescantia spathacea

- other pigments are betacyanin, anthoxanthin - function : 1.coloration/ aesthetic purpose 2.defense mechanism of plants against herbivory Crystals metabolic waste product - Functions: 1.taxonomic identification 2.Anti-herbivory 3.Calcium balance

 Types 1.Raphide Sansiviera sp., Diffenbachia sp. 2.Styloid - Sansiviera sp., Diffenbachia sp. 3.Prismatic Begonia sp. 4.Druse/rosette - Sansiviera sp., Diffenbachia sp. calcium oxalate 1.Sandy crystal Sansiviera sp. silica 1.Cystolith Ficus elastica calcium carbonate

druse

raphide

cystolith

Circle = sandy Arrow-

Circle = prismatic Arrow- druse

Plant cells vs Animal cells

Parts Cell wall Centrioles Cleavage furrow Phragmoplast lysosomes Central vacuole plastids cilia Plant cell present absent absent present absent present present absent Animal cell absent present present absent present absent absent present

*Animals have vacuoles but they are smaller than the central vacuole and has a different function.

Cell Cycle
Phases 1.Karyokinesis nuclear division 1.Cytokinesis cytoplasmic division

Mitosis
Interphase not a resting phase; metabolically active cells nucleolus very visible presence of nuclear envelope uncoiled chromosome = chromatin

 Events 1.G1 presynthesis phase; growth and normal metabolic process occur 2.S synthesis phase; DNA replication happens 3.G2 premitotic phase; preparing for cell division

 Prophase - disintegration of nuclear envelope - Disappearance nucleolus - densely thick chromosomes

sister chromatids)

(2

- formation of spindle fiber - Centromere (point of attachment of the 2 sister chromatids

Metaphase - presence of metaphase plate - chromosomes (2 sister chromatids) are aligned in the center

Metaphase - presence of metaphase plate (imaginary plane) - chromosomes are aligned in the center

Anaphase - chromosomes (1 chromatid) have migrated to the opposite poles - # of chromosomes have doubled

 Telophase - opposite of prophase - formation of cell plate phragmoplast, vesicles, cell wall

- The cell divides into two - The chromosomes uncoil. - The nucleus reforms. - The spindle apparataus disassembles.

Plant tissues
Meristematic tissue Fundamental tissue

Meristematic Tissue
Region where there is new cell formation and growth initiation A.Apical Meristem- for the shoot and root elongation or increase in length 2.Root apical meristem Allium cepa l.s. 3.Shoot apical meristem Coleus blumei l.s.

The Root cap is composed of irregular, nondividing cells. The purpose of the root cap is to protect the apical meristem. The apical meristem is composed of dividing cells.

B. Lateral Meristem for increase in girth 1.Vascular cambium produce xylem and phloem 2.Cork cambium produce cork cells and phelloderm

Tilia sp. stem

Vascular cambium

cork cambium

Simple/Fundamental tissue
1. Parenchyma thin walled; for storage 2. Collenchyma unevenly thickened walls; for plastic support 3. Sclerenchyma for elastic support, rigidity and strengthening 1. Fibers- thickened walls 2. Sclereids- isodiametric in shape

Collenchyma C P

Apium graviolens stem

Parenchyma

Coleus blumei

Sclereid (Stone cells) in Pyrus malus

Bundle cap (Fibers)

Bundle sheath (Fibers)

Helianthus sp. Zea

Complex Tissue
Xylem conduction of water 1.Trachieds narrow with tapered ends 2.Vessels thick and wide with perforations *both have secondary thickenings composed of LIGNIN Phloem conduction of food and nutrients 1.Companion cells- nucleate, regulates metabolism of sieve tubes 2.Sieve tube element enucleate, conduction of food * Only have 1 wall unlike xylem.

X Y L E M

vessel

tracheid

Pinus sp. only have trachieds because they are non-flowering Helianthus sp. both have vessels and tracheids since they are flowering plants

Monocot
Zea mays stem scatterd type of vascular bundle distribution

(Bundle sheath)

Zea mays vascular bundle

Dicot
Helianthus sp. concentric type of vascular bundle distribution

Bundle cap

Vascular Cambium Phloem xylem

Collateral Vascular Bundle of Helianthus sp.

P VC X

V C P

Cucubita sp. stem

Bicollateral vascular bundle of Cucurbita sp.

Trichomes

Function
Anti-herbivory Defense of plants Creates a layer of immobile air next to the leaf which allows water that diffused to bounce back in Shades leaves

Epidermis

uticle protects the epidermis from desiccation or water loss

Stomatal Apparatus

The guard cells are the only epidermal cells that have chloroplasts. The other cells in the epidermis do not possess chloroplast.

 The Guard cells control the stomatal openings in the epidermis of the leaf. It regulates the exchange of CO2, oxygen and water vapor. Three environmental factors regulate these cells. These factors are light, CO2 concentration and water availability. When the guard cells are activated, K+ pumps actively transport K+ into the guard cells, resulting in a high [K+] in the cells. As a result, water enters the cells by osmosis. This causes the guard cells to swell. The one side of the guard cells is thicker than the other and does not stretch. As the guard cells swell up they bend.

Some tips for the exam

Be sure to know your manual by heart. Know everything that youve answered in the manual Know the structures, functions and specimens (including scientific names) where they can be found. Read the pre-lab part Bring a calculator :D Good luck in your exam. Study hard - jedayao