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STORMWATER
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM DESIGN &
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Introduction
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Hydrology: The science that deals with the occurrence and
behavior of water in the atmosphere, on the ground and
underground.
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Objective I
*Understand the characteristics of precipitation that would be of interest
in predicting surface runoff.
Precipitation: Water falling from the atmosphere to the earth in the form
of rain, snow, hail or sleet.
Duration: The time between the onset and the end of precipitation.
Designers typically use a 24-hr duration, but any duration can be used.
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Time Distribution: The manner in which the depth of rainfall varies in
time. *SCS (NRCS) synthetic rainfall distributions
are the most common. *Type I, Ia, II and III.
*6-hour distributions. *Specially developed
distributions.
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Elements of Hydraulics (Cont’d)
Objective II
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Hydrologic Soil Groups
A group of soils having the same runoff potential under similar storm and
cover conditions.
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Characteristics of Hydrologic Soil Group A
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Characteristics of Hydrologic Soil Group C
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Antecedent Runoff Condition (ARC):
•The degree of wetness of a watershed at the beginning of a storm.
Previously known as Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC).
•ARC I – dry
•ARC II – average
•ARC III – wet
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Runoff Curve Number (RCN)
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Urban Composite Runoff Curve Numbers Explained
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Elements of Hydraulics
Runoff Curve Numbers Table
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Runoff Curve Numbers Table
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Objective III
*surface runoff
*runoff volume
*peak discharge
Surface Runoff ……
Total rainfall minus interception, infiltration, surface storage and
evaporation, which moves across a ground surface to a stream or
depression. Expressed as a depth in inches.
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Peak Discharge..…..
A volume of runoff per unit of time computed for the design storm.
Expressed in cubic feet per second (cfs).
Two of the most common methods used predicting peak discharge for the
design of Best Management Practices (BMPs):
*Rational Method
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Time of Concentration…….
The time it takes a drop of water to travel from the hydraulically most
distant point in a watershed to the design point.
*Flow path is broken down into travel times for portions of the entire
distance. It may have all or some of the following flow types:
-Sheet or overland
-Shallow concentrated *Tc=Summation of Tts
-Open channel or pipe
Rational Method Tc
Rational Method (Max. L = 300’)
Use FAA’s Overland Flow Nomograph
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Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) Overland Flow Nomograph
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Rational Method Tc (Cont’d):
V = Velocity in fps
Tc = sum of travel times for all flow segments in the channel or pipe
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NRCS Method Tc:
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NRCS Method Tc (Cont’d):
*Unpaved(TR55-USDA NRCS)
V = 16.13(s)(power .5) n=.05, Rh=.4
Tt = L/V
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NRCS Method Tc (Cont’d):
-Manning’s Equation
Rational Method:
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Origins of the Rational Method
*This method derived its name from the fact that the units had been
“rationalized”.
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Modified Rational Method
Q = CCfiA
Recurrence Interval Cf
25 years 1.1
50 years 1.2
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The Rational Equation
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Simplified NRCS Method
P=Precipitation (inches)
Precipitation-Losses
*Interception
*Infiltration
*Surface Storage
*Evaporation
Qp = Peak Flow
-The maximum or peak rate of runoff from a given watershed for the
chosen design storm.
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Simplified NRCS Method
AKA Graphical TR55 Method
*Knowing the precipitation, P, (inches) for the design storm and the
RCN, surface runoff Q (inches) can be computed as follows:
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ESTIMMATING STORMWATER RUNOFF
•A Basic First Step in Stormwater Management system
and Erosion Control Plan Design.
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Elements of Hydraulics
DESIGN STORMS
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Elements
DESIGN STORMS
of Hydraulics
TABLE OF AVERAGE RAINFALL AMOUNTS FOR VARIOUS DESIGN
STORMS IN ORLANDO, FLORIDA
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HYDROGRAPHS
*A Graph Displaying Some Property of Water Flow,
Such As Stage (i.e. Water Level), Discharge,
Velocity, etc., versus Time.
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Elements of Hydraulics
HYDROGRAPHS
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Elements of Hydraulics
HYDROGRAPHS
*As shown in Fig. 3.3a, there are three basic parts to the
hydrograph: (1) the rising limb or concentration curve,
(2) the crest segment, and (3) the recession curve or falling
limb.
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HYDROGRAPHS
*In Fig. 3.3a, the rectangle above the hydrograph is called the
hyetograph. It consists of the losses (upper shaded portion) due
to infiltration, evaporation, etc. and the rainfall excess (lower white
portion) which is the runoff that produces the hydrograph.
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HYDROGRAPHS
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HYDROGRAPHS
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GENERAL PROCEDURE
*To ensure that the first flush is effectively captured and treated,
the easiest method to determine the stormwater treatment
volume is to multiply the project size or contributing drainage
area by the treatment volume.
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THE RATIONAL METHOD
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CONSIDERATIONS
*Water travels through a watershed as sheet flow, shallow
concentrated flow, open channel flow or some combination of
these.
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CONSIDERATIONS
where:
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CONSIDERATIONS
*For sheet flow < 300 feet, use Manning’s kinematic solution to
compute Tt:
where:
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Hydraulic Applications
CONSIDERATIONS
ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS (MANNING’S n) FOR SHEET FLOW
________________________________________________________
SURFACE DESCRIPTION n
________________________________________________________
Smooth surfaces
(concrete, asphalt, gravel or bare soil ………………….. 0.011
Fallow (no residue) ………………………………………….. 0.05
Cultivated soils:
Residue cover < 20% ……………………………………… 0.06
Residue cover > 20% ……………………………………… 0.17
Grass:
Short grass prairie …………………………………………. 0.15
Dense grasses ……………………………………………… 0.24
Bermudagrass………………………………………………. 0.41
Range (natural) ……………………………………………….. 0.13
Woods:
Light underbrush ………………………………………….. 0.40
Dense underbrush ………………………………………… 0.80
TABLE 3-2
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VI. Overview of Stormwater Management
Storm water management includes non-structural
and structural measures such as:
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Overview of Stormwater Management
(Cont’d)
3. Sedimentation and filtration systems to
remove debris, suspended solids, and insoluble pollutants.
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Overview of Stormwater Management
(Cont’d)
Impact(s) of Stormwater Disposal
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Overview of Stormwater Management
(Cont’d)
Impact(s) of Stormwater Disposal(Cont’d)
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Overview
Impact(s) of
of Stormwater Management
Stormwater Disposal (Cont’d)
Solids, nutrients, heavy metals, oil and
grease, pesticides, and bacteria all can be
associated with highway runoff.
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An Overview of Stormwater Management
(Cont’d)
The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
One major requirement of the regulations is
the preparation of an Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS). The EIS is designed to
quantify potential pollutants emanating from
the operation and maintenance of highway
and other transportation facilities, so that you
can make sound judgments as to the overall
usefulness of the facility.
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An Overview of Stormwater Management
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VII. Erosion & Sediment Control
Considerations
The Erosion Process
What is erosion? Erosion is caused by rainfall, which
displaces soil particles on inadequately protected
areas, and water running over soil, carrying some soil
particles away in the process.
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Erosion and Sediment Control
Considerations
Deposition of water-borne sediment occurs when the
velocity decreases and the transport capacity of the
flowing water becomes insufficient to carry all of its
sediment load.
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Erosion Control Considerations (Cont’d)
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Erosion Control Considerations (Cont’d)
Mitigation of Erosion Potential
Measures for Reducing Erosion Potential:
*Protection at culvert outlets.
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Erosion Control Considerations
Measures for Mitigation of Erosion Control Potential
*Flat side slopes, rounded and blended with natural terrain.
*Drainage channels designed with consideration for width, depth,
slopes, alignment, and protective treatment.
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Erosion Control Considerations (Cont’d)
Erosion Control vs Sediment Control
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VIII. Stream Buffer Requirements
Overview
What is State Water?
According to GA E&SC Act of 1975,
“State Waters” includes any and all rivers,
streams, creeks, branches, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, drainage systems,
springs, wells, and other bodies of surface or subsurface water, natural or
artificial, lying within or forming a part of the boundaries of the State,
which are not entirely confined and retained completely upon the property
of a single individual, partnership, or corporation.
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Stream Buffer Requirements(Cont’d)
Determination of State Waters:
*Look for a well-defined channel and a point of “wrested” vegetation.
- vegetation wrested/removed from channel by ‘normal stream flow’.
•Walking the site to determine State Waters is highly essential.
•Functions of Buffers
•Reduces storm runoff velocities
•Acts as a screen for “visual pollution”
•Reduces construction noise
•Improves aesthetics on the disturbed land
•Filters and increases infiltration of runoff
•Cools rivers and streams by providing shade
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Stream Buffer Requirements (Cont’d)
Functions of Buffers (Cont’d)
*Provides food and cover for wildlife and aquatic organisms
*Aids in flood protection
*Protects channel banks from scour and erosion
Coastal Areas
*Buffers for saltwater marshes and tidally-influenced streams are
measured from the marsh jurisdictional line, as determined by the Coastal
Resources Division of the GA DNR, pursuant to the Coastal Marshland
Protection Act.
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Stream Buffer Requirements (Cont’d)
Requirements if you absolutely have to work in the buffer
-The min. 25’ or 50’ (trout streams) undisturbed State Waters buffer shall
be maintained, except where the Director of EPD determines to allow a
variance that is at least as protective of natural resources and the
environment.
-Variances for the State minimum buffer may only be issued by the EPD,
not by local issuing authorities.
-Check with Federal regulators to ensure compliance with Federal
regulations (US Army Corps of Engineers).
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Stream Buffer Requirements (Cont’d)
Drainage Structure: A device composed of virtually non-erodible material
such as concrete, steel, plastic or other such material that conveys water
from one place to another by intercepting the flow and carrying it to a point of
release for storm water management.
Roadway Drainage Structure: A device composed of virtually non-erodible
material such as concrete, steel, plastic or other such material (e.g. bridge,
culvert or ditch) that conveys water under a roadway.
General Variance
*Piping of small trout streams (average annual flow less than or equal to 25
gals/minute.
*Not to exceed 200 linear feet.
*May not be combined with other variances.
*Two(2) acceptable methods:
-USGS unit area runoff map used to determine acreage that will produce
average annual flow of 25gpm or less; or
-Hydrologic analysis certified by a Registered Professional Engineer or
Geologist.
Note: Any project with more than 200 feet of piping will require a variance.
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Stream Buffer Requirements (Cont’d)
Buffer Variance Criteria:
1. The project involves construction of :
*one single family home for residential use by the property owner,
and
*there is no opportunity to develop under any reasonable design
configuration
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Stream Buffer Requirements (Cont’d)
Buffer Variance Criteria (Cont’d)
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Stream Buffer Requirements (Cont’d)
Buffer Variance Criteria (Cont’d)
7. Recreational foot trails and viewing areas, providing that impacts to
the buffer are minimal.
8. Project will:
-require a Wetland Permit from the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (COE) for impacts to jurisdictional wetlands, and
-the COE has approved a mitigation plan and
-implementation of the plan is a 404 permit condition.
-Applicable to non-trout waters only
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Stream Buffer Requirements (Cont’d)
Stream Buffer Variance Application Process
*Stream buffer variance application and checklist of required information
for the State of Georgia can be found at www.dnr.state.ga.us/environ.
Click on “EPD Forms”.
*Within 60 days of receipt of a COMPLETE buffer variance application,
the Division will either:
-Provide written comments to the applicant, or
-Propose to issue a variance
*Public notice required.
*The local issuing authority may not issue a land disturbing permit for a
project proposing to encroach into the State stream buffer until an EPD
variance has been granted.
*If a variance is approved, the local issuing authority is responsible for
inspection and enforcement for compliance.
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Stream Buffer Requirements(Summary)
Summary
•Walk sites and gather all necessary information to determine State Waters.
•Buffers on state waters are valuable in protecting and conserving land and
water resources.
•Some activities are exempt from stream buffer requirements
•-i.e. drainage structures, sewer crossings, etc.
•All non-exempt activities within a state water buffer require an EPD stream
buffer variance
-Temporary
-Permanent
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IX. Geology & Soils
Overview
Ground conditions in the field are resultant from geologic processes
operating on and within the earth. A project designer must, therefore,
have good knowledge of the project area’s geology to expose potential
challenges and anticipate geologic hazards (subsidence, landslides,
earthquakes, etc) and erosion problems.
Soil:The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate
surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of
plants.
Soil Formation:
-Parent Material: “base” material for soil formation.
_Product of the effects of climate, topography, and living organisms
acting on parent material over a period of time.
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Geology & Soils (Cont’d)
Hydrologic Soil Group (Cont’d)
*Soil properties that influence runoff potential:
-depth to a seasonably high water table.
-saturated hydraulic conductivity after prolonged wetting.
-depth to a layer with a very slow water transmission rate.
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Geology & Soils (Cont’d)
Soil Formation Process Flow Chart
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X. Vegetative & Structural Best
Management Practices (BMPs)
Definition: Measures to mitigate stormwater
runoff quantity and quality.
Benefits: Reduced flooding potential, improved
water quality, improved urban development, and
reduced pollution from highways.
Vegetative BMPs
Key Points:
*Vegetation can reduce soil erosion.
•E&SC plans are important.
•Proper planning is required for success.
•All E&SC plans are different and site specific.
•E&SC is a system (vegetative/structural/management)
•Adequate maintenance is required.
•Vegetative Practices
•Bf – Buffer Zone
•Cs- Coastal Dune Stabilization
•Ds1 – Mulching only
•Ds2 – Temporary Seeding
•Ds3 – Permanent Seeding
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Vegetative Best Management Practices
(Cont’d)
Vegetative Practices
*Ds4 - Sodding
*Du – Dust Control
*Mb – Matting & Blankets
*Pm – Polyacrylamide
*Sb – Streambank Stabilization
*Tb – Trackifiers & Binders
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Structural Best Management Practices
(BMPs)
BMPs for Site Preparation (Prior to Construction)
*Access stabilization
-Const. Exit (50’lx20’w min.)
-Construction Road
*Stream Crossings
*Preventative Filters Construction Entrance/Exit
*Flow Diversions (Dc)
*Sediment Basins (Sd3)
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Structural BMPs – Construction
BMPs for Construction
(Temporary structures)
*Channel Stabilization
*Concentrated Flow
*Cut/Fill Slopes
*Sediment Barriers
Channel Stabilization
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Structural BMPs Construction (Cont’d)
Temporary Stream Crossing (Sr)– installed across a flowing stream or
watercourse for use by construction equipment.
*Not to be used on streams with a drainage
area of greater than 1 square mile (640 acres)
*In place for less than 1 year.
*Design based on area and slope of watershed.
*Must convey 2-yr, 24-hr storm.
*Bridge or culvert crossings may be used.
*Installed perpendicular to stream.
Preventative Filters
*To protect existing ponds, lakes, small channels.
-Apply upstream of ponds and lakes.
-Apply downstream of construction.
*Rd-Rock Filter Dam
*Sd1- Silt Fence (Perimeter)
PERIMETER SILT FENCE
ROCK FILTER DAM
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Structural BMPs – Construction (Temp.)
Stream Diversion Channel (Dc) STREAM DIVERSION CHANNEL
*Bottom width shall be a min. of 6’
or equal to the bottom width of the existing
streambed.
*Side slopes shall be no steeper than 2:1.
Sediment Basins
*To provide large sediment load control.
-Apply before site work at collection point.
-Check after storm events.
-Remove after construction or install permanent
features as required for post-construction
condition.
Sd3 –Temporary Sediment Basin.
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Structural BMPs –Construction (Permanent)
Retaining Wall (Re)
Definition
•A wall constructed of concrete masonry, reinforced concrete, treated
timbers, steel pilings, gabions, stone drywall, rock riprap, etc.
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Best Management Practices – Planning
Considerations
*Maintain erosion control structures, both during and after
construction.
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XI. Guidelines for An Effective Sediment
Control Plan
Suggested Tools
*Site Survey
*USGS Survey
*Soil Survey
*County Topographic Maps
*Soils Investigation
*Wetlands Maps
*Phase I Environmental Investigation Report
*Recorded Plats
*FEMA Flood Maps
*Erosion & Sediment Control Manual
*State Storm water Manual
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Guidelines for An Effective Sediment
Control Plan (Cont’d)
REQUIRED PRE-DESIGN SITE VISIT
APPROVED RULE –
Plan preparer must certify on the plan that a site visit by the plan preparer
(or designee) has been conducted prior to preparing the plan.
STATE WATERS
Any and all rivers, streams, creeks, branches, lakes, reservoirs, ponds,
drainage systems, springs, wells and other bodies of surface or
subsurface waters, natural or artificial, lying within or forming a part of the
boundaries of the state which are not entirely confined and retained
completely upon the property of a single individual, partnership or
corporation.
US WATERS GUIDELINE
Projects impacting more than 0.5 acres of wetlands or 300 feet of stream
will likely require an individual Department of the Army Permit.
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Guidelines for An Effective Sediment
Control Plan (Cont’d)
General Design Principles
-Stripping of vegetation, re-grading and other development activities shall be done in
such a manner that minimizes erosion.
-Development plans must conform to topography and soil type, so as to establish the
lowest practicable erosion potential.
-Cut and fill operations must be minimized, and whenever feasible, natural vegetation
shall be retained, protected and supplemented.
-Adequate provisions must be made to minimize damage from surface water to the
cut face of excavations or the sloping surfaces of fills.
-Sediment in runoff water must be trapped by the use of debris basins, sediment
basins, silt traps or similar measures until the disturbed area is stabilized.
-Disturbed soil shall be stabilized as soon as possible.
-Temporary vegetation or mulching shall be used to protect exposed critical areas
during development.
-Permanent vegetation and structural erosion control measures must be installed as
soon as practical.
-Grading equipment must cross flowing streams by means of bridges and culverts,
except when such methods are not feasible, provided however, that such crossings
are kept to a minimum.
-If required, obtain State variance, or obtain Nationwide Permit (NP) or Individual
Permit (IP).
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Plan Preparation Concepts
REQUIREMENTS
2. Meet requirements of the State Erosion and Sediment Control
Agency.
3. Meet requirements of the General Permit.
4. Meet Federal Regulations.
5. Meet Local Erosion and Sediment Control Enforcement Agency
Requirements.
PLAN BASICS
-Description of existing land use at project site and description of
proposed project. Include Land Lot and District Numbers for project
location.
-Name, address and phone number of developer/owner.
-Name and phone number of 24-hr local contact that is responsible for
erosion and sediment control.
-Signature and seal of qualified design professional.
-Note total and disturbed acreage of the project or phase under
construction.
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Plan Preparation Concepts (Cont’d)
PLAN BASICS (CONT’D)
-Show location of erosion and sediment control practices using uniform
coding symbols from the State Erosion Control Manual.
-Delineate 25-foot undisturbed buffers for State Waters and 50-foot
management zones along designated trout streams, clearly noting
areas of impact.
-Include soil series and their delineation.
-Describe adjacent areas (neighboring streams, lakes, residential ares,
etc) which might be impacted.
-Provide detailed construction activity schedule, with anticipated start
and completion dates for project events. Include vegetation and
mulching timeline.
-Clearly note the following in bold letters:
“Any escape of sediment from the site shall be prevented by the
installation of erosion and sediment control measures and practices
before or concurrent with land-disturbing activities.
-Provide a minimum of 67 CY/AC sediment storage. Include specific
design information and calculations for all structural measures on site,
such as temporary sediment basins, detention ponds and channels.
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Plan Preparation Concepts (Cont’d)
PLAN BASICS (CONTD)
-Show storm drain pipe and weir velocities, and provide appropriate
outlet protection to accommodate discharges without erosion.
-Provide vegetative plan (site-specific for appropriate time of year for
seeding and for the appropriate geographic region), noting all temporary
and permanent vegetative practices.
-Include species, planting dates and seeding, fertilizer, lime, and
mulching rates.
-Clearly note maintenance statement:
“Erosion control measures will be maintained at all times. If full
implementation of the approved plan does not provide for effective
erosion control, additional erosion and sediment control measures shall
be implemented to control or treat the sediment source.”
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XII. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) Permit Requirements
3-PHASE CONSTRUCTION DESIGN
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NPDES Permit Requirements (Cont’d)
TYPICAL GRADING PHASE ACTIVITIES
*Establish diversion dikes.
*Define mulching, temporary stabilization measures.
*Define critical work zones.
*Define special BMPs/methods.
*Maintain communication with contractor/inspector.
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Erosion Control Plan
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XIII. Policy Considerations –Ga Storm
Water Mgmt Manual
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