Look at the picture below !!

PHYSICAL CHANGES AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

Only involved the changes of physical properties involves the change of state, shape and size of substance

Do not produce new substance

PHYSICAL CHANGES
Less energy involved

Physical changes are usually reversible and temporary

Examples:

Physical change Melting Evaporation Dissolving a substance Crystallisation

Examples Ice water Change its state from a solid to liquid. Water water vapour The water has changed from a liquid to a gas Sugar + water sugar solution No new substances is formed Hot saturated NaCl solution crystals No new substances is formed sodium chloride

Sublimation

Iodine crystals sublimed iodine The iodine has changed from crystals to powder.

Involves the production of new substances

Absorb or release energy

CHEMICAL CHANGES
Irreversible and permanent

the new substances has chemical properties and composition that are different from those of the original substances

Chemical change can produce the following results:

Change in colour

Absorption or release of heat

Release of gas

Release of light

Production of sound

Examples:

Burning of paper

Change in colour of a peeled apple

Examples

Zinc + copper sulphate

zinc sulphate + copper

Copper is displaced from the solution

Iron + oxygen + water A new substance is formed.

rust ( red brown powder)

Potassium iodide + lead nitrate A new substance is formed.

potassium nitrate + lead iodide

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYSICAL CHANGES AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

PHYSICAL CHANGES Do not produce new substances Only involve the changes of hysical ro erties but the chemical ro erties and com osition still the same DIFFERENCES PRODUCTION OF NEW SUBSTANCES CHANGES IN PROPERTIES CHEMICAL CHANGES Produce one or more new substances Involved the change of chemical ro erties. The new substances have different chemical ro erties and com osition from the original substances changes Permanent and irreversible Involve the absor tion of heat energy (to start a chemical reaction) and the release of heat energy. Sometimes the light energy is also released.

emains the same Tem orary and reversible Involve a little or no change in energy. Sometimes energy is absorbed or released during the rearrangement of articles

MASS OF REACTING SUBSTANCE TYPES OF CHANGES NECESSITY OF ENERGY

Example of physical and chemical changes in daily life

PHYSICAL CHANGES
Boiling water Rain elting ice Evaporation of water Evaporation of perfume Sublimation dry ice

CHEMICAL CHANGES
Burning Rusting of iron Photosynthesis Neutralization Reaction of iron and sulphur

Heat change in chemical reactions

All chemical reactions involve energy change in the form of heat energy. Some chemical reactions release heat energy when new bonds are formed Others need to be heated constantly to obtain heat energy for breaking the bonds in the compound Chemical reactions can be classified into two types in terms of heat change

EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS

Loses heat

Absorbs heat

Definition : a reaction which gives out Definition : a reaction which takes in or energy in the form of heat to the absorbs energy in the form of heat from surroundings the surroundings Reactant loses heat to the surroundings Reactant absorbs surroundings Involved bond- forming Mg + O MgO + energy released heat from the

Involves bond-breaking NaCl Na + Cl

EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
Temperature of the surroundings increases. Therefore, the container feels hot when it is touched. The thermometer shows a higher temperature. Products have less energy than reactants

ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
Temperature of the surroundings decreases. Therefore, the container feels cool when it is touched. The thermometer shows a lower temperature. Products have more energy than reactants

Energy

H = value of heat energy change

Energy

reactants
Loses energy

products H = +ve reactants

H = -ve products time

Absorbs energy

time

EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS Examples : (a)Heating of carbon and alcohol : carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water alcohol + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (b)Reaction of alkaline and acid : sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid sodium sulphate + water (c) Respiration in body

ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS Example : (a) Decomposition of zinc nitrate : zinc nitrate zinc + nitrogen nitrate + oxygen (b) When ammonium chloride dissolves in water: solid ammonium chloride aqueous solution ammonium chloride (c) Photosynthesis