CRYSTAL STRUCTURE = The periodic arrangement of atoms in the crystal.

LATTICE = An infinite array of points in space, in which each point has identical surroundings to all others.

An ideal crystal can be described in terms a three-dimensionally periodic arrangement of points called lattice and an atom or group of atoms associated with each lattice point called motif: Crystal = Lattice + Motif However, there can be deviations from this ideality. These deviations are known as crystal defects.

UNIT CELL = The smallest component of the crystal, which when stacked

together with pure translational repetition reproduces the whole crystal

Unit Cell Dimensions a, b and c are the unit cell edge lengths , , and , are interfacial angle

System

Axial lengths and angles a = b = c, = = = 90

Unit cell geometry

cubic

Tetragonal

a = b c, = = = 90

Orthorhom bic

a b c, = = = 90

Rhombohedral

a=b=c = = 90

Hexagonal

a = b c, = = 90, = 120

monoclin ic

a b c, = = 90, 90

triclinic

a b c,

Bravais Lattice

Crystal Structure for Metallic Element

Atomic Radius is defined as half the distance between nearest neighbours in a crystal of a pure element

Atomic Radius ( r )

Atomic Radius ( r )
r=a/2

calculate the number of atoms in a unit cell.

An atom at the corner is shared by eight unit cells. Hence an atom at the corner contributes 1/8 to An atom at the face is a shared by two unit cells Contribution of each atom on the face is 1/2 to the unit cell. An atom within the body of the unit cell is shared by no other unit cell Contribution of each atom within the body is 1 to the unit cell. An atom present on the edge is shared by four unit cells Contribution of each atom on the edge is 1/4 to the unit cell. By applying these rules, we can calculate the number of atoms in the different cubic unit cells of monoatomic substances.

Simple cubic In this type of unit cell, there are eight atoms at the corners and each such atom makes Body centered cubic This type of unit cell has eight atoms at corners and one at the body center. Each corner atom makes contribution and the atom at the body center belongs only to the particular unit cell. Hence, a body centered cubic unit cell has, Face centered cubic A face centered cubic unit cell has one atom at each corner and one atom at each face center, being shared by two unit cells and making a Hence, a face centered cubic unit cell has,

Simple Cubic and Related Structures A collection of crystalline structures related to the simple cubic lattice.

Simple Cubic (Ah)

NaCl (B1)

La2O3(Cubic)

TlF (B24)

Body-Centered Cubic and Related Structures

A collection of crystalline structures related to the body-centered cubic lattice.

CsCl (B2)

Cf

cP16 (16 atoms)

cI16 (8 atoms)

Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals

A collection of crystalline structures related to the hexagonal close-packed structure.

AsTi (Bi)

Summary of lecture 1. Symmetry: Translation, rotation, reflection 2. A lattice MUST have translation symmetry 3. A lattice MAY have one or more rotational and reflection symmetry 4. 7 crystal systems: lattices classified on the basis of their rotational and reflection symmetry (ignoring ranslation) 5. 14 Bravais lattices: lattices classified on the basis of their complete symmetry, i.e., rotation, reflection as well as translation

Lecture 1. Miller indices of directions 2. Miller indices of planes 3. Miller indices of a family of directions 4. Miller indices of a family of planes 5. d-spacing 6. X-ray diffraction (begin)

Anisotropy of crystals
191.1 GPa

Youngs modulus of FCC Cu

130.3 GPa 66.7 GPa

Anisotropy of crystals (contd.)

Different crystallographic planes have different atomic density And hence different properties Si Wafer for computers

Miller Indices of directions and planes William Hallowes Miller (1801 1880)
University of Cambridge

Miller Indices of 1. Choose a lattice point on the

z Directions direction as the origin 2. Choose a crystal coordinate system with axes parallel to the unit cell edges y 3. Find the coordinates, in terms of the respective lattice parameters a, b and c, of another lattice point on the [110] direction.

x 1a+1b+0c

4. Reduce the coordinates to smallest integers. 5. Put in square brackets []

Miller Indices of 1. Choose a lattice point on the

z Directions direction as the origin 2. Choose a crystal coordinate system with axes parallel to the unit cell edges y 3. Find the coordinates, in terms of the respective lattice parameters a, b and c, of another lattice point on the [110] direction.

x 1a+1b+0c

4. Reduce the coordinates to smallest integers. 5. Put in square brackets []

Family of Symmetry Related Planes

(110) (101) (011) _ (1 1 0) _ (101) _ (011)

{110}
{110}= Plane ( 1 1 0 ) and all other planes related by symmetry to ( 1 1 0 )

 Unknown direction [uvw] Unknown plane (hkl) Double digit indices should be separated by commas (12,22,3) In cubic crystals [hkl] (hkl)

cubic hkl

a h +k +l
2 2 2

Lecture Summary [uvw] (hkl) <uvw> {hkl} components of a vector in the direction reduced to smallest integers reciprocal of intercepts of a plane reduced to smallest integers family of symmetry related directions family of symmetry related planes [uvw]cubic (uvw)cubic

cubic hkl

a h +k +l
2 2 2