EA452( Mobile & Telecom Network)

The course will cover: ( Mobile Networks, Network Planning, Capacity enhancement, Quality improvements, Applications and new trends) Evolution of Mobile cellular systems
Related Standards

The signal propagation

Modulation & Demodulation Reuse, cell splitting ,Grade of service,. Coding and diversity techniques Multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), UMTS(Universal Mobile Transmission systems) Wireless LAN The third generation mobile communication trends.

Lect. No

Topics to be covered

Learning Objective

Ref. to Text Book Chapter Class Notes

1,2

General Introduction

Concepts of Wireless, and Portable Networks

3,4 5,6

Modern Wireless Systems Cellular Concept

Second Gen. Wireless Systems Frequency Reuse, Radio Coverage range and related concepts Different propagation models and limitations

Ch.2 (T) Ch.3 (T), R1 Ch.5

7-9

Mobile Signal Propagation

Ch.4 (T), R1 Ch.6.3

10-12

Multipath fading

Small scale fading and models

R5 (T), R1 Ch.6.4

13-14

Wireless Antenna system design

Anteena effects and system characterization

Class notes

15-18 19-21

Modulation /Demodulation Link improvements

Linear and non linear modulation Diversity and Equalization Techniques

Ch.6 (T) Ch.7 (T) , R1 Ch.8

22-24

Multiple access

FDMA,TDMA,CDMA

Ch.9(T),Ch.9(R1)

25-27

GSM Networks

Radio subsystem, Architecture and operation

Ch.11(T) and Class notes

28-30

IS-95

CDMA standard and operation concepts

Ch.11(T) and Class notes

31-34

DECT and PACS

Features and characters of wireless telephony

Ch.11(T) and Class notes

35-38

Wireless LANs

Concepts of Wireless Local Area Networks

Class Notes

39-40

Current Trends

3G Cellular System

Class Notes

Evaluation Component
EC No 1. 2. 3. Component & Nature Duratio n 50 mints 50 mints Weightage Date, Time Nature

Test 1 Test 2 Assignments/ Lab experiment & assignments ( GSM,Bluetooth,RFID,WLAN) Compre. Exam

20% 20% 20%

<TEST_1> <TEST_2>

OB CB

4.

3 Hrs

40%

<TEST_C>

CB/OB

Instruction Material
Text book Wireless Communication Principles and Practice by Theodore S. Rappaport Second Ed., Pearson Ed. Asia 2002. Reference Material Mobile Communication by Jochen H. Schiller, Addison Wesley, Pearson Education Ltd., 2000 Wireless and Mobile Network Architcetures By YiBing Lin and Imrich Chaltmac, John Wiley and Sons, 2001 Wireless Communications and Networks By William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2002

Wireless Communication Lab GSM kit for control switching operation RFID experiments Bluetooth experiments WLAN setting and measurement experiments Wireless sensor networking

GSM Based Intelligent Instrumentation (Block Diagram)

AC SUPPLY RELAY GSM MODEM 8051 MICRO CON

APPLIANCE
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RFID BASED SECURITY / ATTANDENCE SYSTEM

Alar m

8051
Tx PORT 2 Rx

DATA PIN

RFID TAG

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Wireless Networks Trends

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In March 2009 Telephone subscribers in INDIA

(new Telecom Policy-1999 entry of private sector)

Telephone subscribers Wireless Landline Overall Tele-density GSM CDMA

49 Cr 91% 9% 37% 76% 24%

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Market share of top 12 operators : (GSM+CDMA)

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INTERNATIONAL TREND
INTERNATIONAL TREND 140% (MOBILE PENETRATION ) 131% 120% 101%

MOBILE PENETRATION

100%

94%

97%

80%

73% Series1 59% 47%

60%

40%

30%

20%

0%

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Basics: Structure

Multiple Access Downlin k Uplink Mobile Station

Distributed transceivers

Handof f Base Station

Fixed transceiver

Cells
Different Frequencies or Codes

Basic Cellular System

PSTN/ISDN

Switch

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Mobile phone features Basic Features of Mobile phones Voice Communications Short messaging system (SMS) text messages Advanced features Internet browsing, music (MP3) playback, personal organizers/ e-mail, built-in cameras and camcorders, ringtones, games, radio Push-to-Talk (PTT), infrared and Bluetooth connectivity, call registers ability to watch streaming video or download video for later viewing, and serving as a wireless modem for a PC. 14

 Some statistics for India Broadband users including DSL users in India= 1.5 million* in June 2006 There are some 15 million PC users in India in June 2006 compared with more than 100 million mobile phone users. in June 2006 (in 2000 the number of users was roughly only 1.88 million ) The goal 500 million mobile phone subscribers by 2010 Most common standards used are GSM, CDMA Mobile phone networks have spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony due to Most common standard used is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) about 2 billion subscribers world wide The mobile phone has become ubiquitous because of the interoperability of mobile phones across different 15 networks and countries.

Wireless Mobile Communication

Introduction to Wireless Communication System Fundamental of cellular concept (Frequency reuse, Channel assignments, Interference and System capacity, Trunking grade of service, capacity improvement) Radio Propagation Modulation and Coding

16

Wireless Mobile Communication Link improvement techniques Multiple Access Techniques Wireless Networking Wireless System and Standards

Physical layer-Trans-medium-receiver Data link layer- reliability-error correction-multiple access Network layer-routing-QoS-flow/congestion control
17

Antenna

An antenna is a device used for transmission and reception of wireless signals

18

Transmitter

A transmitter is a part of communication system, which transmits the information such as voice call over the air.
19

Receiver

A receiver is a part of a communication system that receives the transmitted voice call from air.
20

Medium

An intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication is known as medium.
21

Wireless Network related fields

22

Frequency Spectrum
F ow 4e igh F F S F F Freq r 3 req 3 ium Freque 3 req 3 3 3 3 3 nge 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 nt Khz Khz Khz Mhz Mhz Mhz Ghz Ghz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 elenghth r nge 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 nt Kilo meter Kilo meter Km meter meter meter centi meter milli meter

Mobile communication is in UHF range Most frequently : 900 MHz ,central frequency 1.8 GHz

23

 Radio-AM-520 Hz-1605KHz ( MW) 5.9 MHz-26.1MHz ( SW) FM-88MHz108 MHz Analog TV- 174 -230 MHz,470-790MHz and 1452-1472 MHz Digital TV -470-862 MHz

24

25

RFID and mobile telecommunication Near Field Communication

Short-range communication protocol (ISO/IEC standard) Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum: driven by Nokia, Philips and Sony
NFC-enabled phones available

26

RFID
Presently four main frequency bands used in RFID systems Low Frequency band: 125/134 KHz High Frequecy band: 13.56 MHz Ultra High Frequency band: 800-900 MHz Microwave band: 2.4-5.8 GHz
27

Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications A little History

A little history and evolution of mobile radio

1897: Marconi was able to communicate with moving ships sailing in the English Channel 1946 First in-car mobile phone service in US 1960s & 1970s:Bell laboratories developed the cellular concept 1968 Bell Labs presented Cellular concepts 1970s:Development of highly reliable, miniature solid state radio frequency hardware Wireless communication era was born
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Drivers for Mobile Comms Growth

Advances in Large Scale circuit integration Continued improvements in Digital and RF circuit Fabrications Miniaturization techniques Battery life improvement Bandwidth efficient modulation Techniques. Cellular concepts: ATT developed the concept in 1950 to 1960s. In 1968 it presented the cellular concept to FCC Favorable frequency allocations by regulators

29

Mobile Radiotelephone in the U.S

The first public mobile telephone in US is introduced in 1946. high power transmitter and a large tower to cover a distance of over 50 km . uses 120kHz RF bandwidth in a half-duplex mode During 1950s and 60s, AT&T Bell Laboratories introduced cellular radio telephony-the concept of breaking a coverage zone into small cells each of which reuses the portion of the spectrum 1983: FCC allocated 40 Mhz spectrum in 800 MHz band. 666 duplex channels, Duplex channel occupies 60 KHz, one way 30 KHz 1983: First US Cellular system deployed in Chicago by Ameritech The system is called Advanced Mobile Phone system (AMPS) This system operates in analog mode using FM (freq modulation) and FDMA 1989: FCC granted additional 166 channels (10 Mhz spectrum)
30

Mobile Radiotelephone in the U.S(Contd)

In 1991 U.S Digital Cellular (USDC) system hardware was installed, and AMPS phased out as more users accepted digital phones. The capacity improvement offered by USDC is three times that of AMPS, each 30 Kbps channel supports 3 users Digital modulation Techniques, speech coding and TDMA are used Uses EIA IS-54 (EIA IS-136 later) later CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access) was developed by Qualcomm, Inc. and standardized by the Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) as an interim standard (IS-95) Uses 1.25 Mhz wide band channel Multiple user in the channel
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Mobile Radiotelephone in the U.S(Contd)

In 1990s, a new specialized mobile radio service (SMR) was developed. By purchasing small groups of radio system licenses From a large number of independent radio service providers Motorola and Nextel has formed an extended SMR (ESMR) in 800 MHz band that could provide capacity and services similar to cellular.

32

Freq Spectrum allocation for US Cellular systems

33

Mobile Standards in North America

34

Mobile Standards in Europe

35

Mobile Standards in Japan

36

Cellular
The world first cellular system was implemented by the Nippon Telephone and Telegraph company (NTT) in Japan. The cellular standards for each of the countries when they initially implemented the mobile communications are as follows: U.S: Follows USDC (U.S Digital Cellular) 1991 TDMA 824-894 Mhz , Channel bandwidth= 30 Khz Pi/4 Quadrature phase shift keying Europe: Almost All of the European countries use GSM, 1990 TDMA 890 to 960 Mhz, 200 Khz GMSK modulation Japan: uses Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) standards. 1993 TDMA 810 to 1501 Mhz, 25 Khz Pi/4 Quadrature phase shift keying Germany: uses C-450 cellular standards (1984) FDMA 450-465 Mhz, 20/10 FM
37

Examples of Mobile Radio Systems

Remote Controllers for Home Entertainment Equipment, such as tv remote Garage Door Openers Hand-held Walkie-Talkies Pagers Cordless telephones (CT) Cellular Telephones The cost, complexity, performance and type of services offered by each of these mobile systems are vastly different

38

Mobile Radio Transmission Systems

Mobile Radio Transmission Systems Simplex Systems Communication in only one direction Paging system is an example Garage door opene Half-Duplex Systems Allows 2 way communications but same channel is used for both transmission and receiving Push to talk Full-Duplex Systems Allow simultaneous transmission in both directions Cell phone ( two separate channels for transmission and reception)

39

Full-Duplex Division (Contd)

In Full-Duplex Systems two separate channels are required for simultaneous transmission in ecah direction FDD (Freq division duplex) TDD (Time division duplex Frequency division duplex Provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for the subscriber and the base station, so that they both may transmit while simultaneously receiving signals from one another.
Reverse channel Forward channel

Fc

Fc + 45 Mhz An Example of freq Division duplex

40

Full-Duplex Division Time division duplex Provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for the subscriber and the base station, so that they both may transmit while simultaneously receiving signals from one another. However a single radio channel is shared in time , so that a portion of the time is used from the base station to mobile, and the remaining time is used to transmit from the mobile to the base station. TDD is possible only if digital transmission and digital modulation is used Sensitive to timing

41

Wireless communication definitions

42

Wide area Paging system

43

Cordless handsets

44

Definition of Mobile and Portable

Mobile
Previously
any Radio Terminal that could be moved during operation.

Now
Radio Terminal that is attached to a high speed mobile platform.

Portable
as a Radio Terminal that can be hand-held and used by someone at walking speed: Cordless Telephone at home, or walkie talkie

Subscriber Mobile or portable user.Each users communication device is called Subscriber unit. Base stations Links mobiles to a backbone network.

45

Cellular system Concept

MSC is also called Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) 46

Terminologies involved in Cellular Phone Systems

1) Mobile Identification Number (MIN): Subscribers Telephone No. 2) Electronic Serial Number (ESN): Serial No. of the Mobile 3) Station Class Mark(SCM): It indicates the maximum Transmitter power level for a particular user.

47

Telephone Call Made To A Mobile User

Incoming Telephone Call to Mobile X Step 1 Mobile Switching Center PSTN

Base Stations

2, 6 5 4 3, 7 Mobile X
48

Brief Outline of Cellular Process: Telephone Call Placed to a Mobile User

Step 1 The incoming telephone call to Mobile X is received at the MSC. Step 2 The MSC dispatches the request to all base stations in the cellular system. Step 3 All the base stations broadcast the Mobile Identification Number (MIN), telephone number of Mobile X, as a paging message over the FCC throughout the cellular system. Step 4 The mobile receives the paging message sent by the base station it monitors and responds by identifying itself over the reverse control channel (RCC).
49

Brief Outline of Cellular Process: Telephone Call Placed to a Mobile User (Contd)
Step 5 The base station relays the acknowledgement sent by the mobile and informs the MSC of the handshake. Step 6 The MSC instructs the base station to move the call to an available voice channel within the cell. Step 7 The base station signals the mobile to change frequencies to an unused forward and reverse voice channel pair. At the point another data message (alert) is transmitted over the forward voice channel (FVC) to instruct the mobile to ring. Now the call is in progress. The MSC adjusts the transmitted power of the mobile and changes the channel of the mobile end and base stations in order to maintain call quality. This is called handoff.
50

Timing Diagram when a call is made by a Landline User to a Mobile

51

Telephone call initiated by the mobile

Mobile Switching Center PSTN

3 2 1 Telephone Call Placed by Mobile X

52

Telephone call initiated by the mobile (Contd) Step 1 When a mobile originates a call, it sends the base station its telephone number (MIN), electronic serial number (ESN), and telephone number of called party. It also transmits a station class mark (SCM) which indicates what the maximum power level is for the particular user. Step 2 The cell base station receives the data and sends it to the MSC. Step 3 The MSC validates the request, makes connection to the called party through the PSTN and validates the base station and mobile user to move to an unused forward and reverse channel pair to allow the conversation to begin.

53

Timing Diagram when a call is made by a Mobile user to a Landline User

54

Roaming
All cellular systems provide a service called roaming.
This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one from which service is subscribed. When a mobile enters a city or geographic area that is different from its home service area, it is registered as a roamer in the new service area. Periodically, the MSC issues a global command over each FCC in the system, asking for all mobiles which are previously unregistered to report their MIN and ESN over the RCC for billing purposes. If a particular mobile user has roaming authorization for billing purposes, MSC registers the subscriber as a valid roamer.
55

Comparison of Common Mobile Radio Systems

( at Mobile Station)

56

Comparison of Common Mobile Radio Systems

( at Base Station)

57

The Present Trend

In the emerging scenario Indoor wireless networking products are taking shape and promise to become a major part of the Telecommunications Infrastructure within the next decade. The International Standards Body IEEE 802.11, is developing standards for wireless access between computers inside buildings. The European Standard Institute (ETSI) is also developing 20 MBPS HIPER-LAN Standard for Indoor Wireless Networks. In Early 1990, the Aerospace Industry demonstrated the first successful launch of a small Satellite on a Rocket from a JET Aircraft. This Method is less expensive than the conventional methods of launching Satellite.
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