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I LA M I S C I DI N C

SI I N C

THE SIZE OF OUR WORLD


Age : 4.55 billion years old Total Area : 510.072 million sq km (196.940 million sq mi) Land area : 148.94 million sq km (57.506 million sq mi) Water area : 361.132 million sq km (139.434 million sq mi) Population : 6,706,993,152 (2008 est.) Growth rate : 1.188% (2008 est.) Political divisions : 195 sovereign nations , 61 dependent areas, and 6 disputed territories. GWP / PPP : $65.61 trillion (2007 est.). GWP real growth rate : 5.2% (2007 est.). GWP / PPP per capita : $10,000 (2007 est.). Major World Religions : Christianity (33%, 2.1 billion), Islam (20.1%, 1.3 billion ), Hinduism (13.3%, 851 million), Buddhism (5.9%, 375 million), Sikhism (0.4%, 25 million), Judaism (0.2%, 15 million)

What is Civilization?
The first human who hurled an insult instead of a stone was the founder of civilization. Sigmund Freud
psychologist

We never really grow up, we only learn how to act in public. Bryan White
songwriter

Progress is man's ability to complicate simplicity. Thor Heyerdahl Civilization begins with soap. Ethnographer and adventurer Galveston Times
defunct 19th century Indiana newspaper

I've made an odd discovery. Every time I talk to a savant I feel quite sure that happiness is no longer a possibility. Yet when I talk with my gardener, I'm convinced of the opposite. Bertrand Russell
Philosopher

CIVILIZATION by WILL DURANT


Civilization is social order promoting cultural creation. Four elements constitute it: 1 . economic provision , 2 . political organization , 3 . moral traditions , and 4 . the pursuit of knowledge and the arts . It begins where chaos and insecurity end. For when fear is overcome, curiosity and constructiveness are free, and man passes by natural impulse towards the understanding and embellishment of life.

THE SCALE OF HUMAN HISTORY


200: Earliest possible evidence of modern humans in Africa 175 150 125 100: Last ice age begins 90: Modern humans found in Southwest Asia 75: 60: Modern humans found in Australia/Sahul 50 40: Modern humans found in northern Eurasia 25 10: End of ice age, beginnings of agriculture 5: Earliest cities and states 0: Industrial Revolution

THOUSANDS OF YEARS BEFORE THE PRESENT

THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION

THOUSANDS OF YEARS BEFORE THE PRESENT

12 11 11 . 5: End of ice ages 10 Earliest evidence of agriculture in near east 9 Earliest evidence of agriculture in Southeast Asia 8 7 6 Evidence of pastoralism in Russia, Ukraine, 5: First cities and city states Kazakhstan Evidence of agriculture in Americas 4 3 First empires 2 1 First superempire (Persia) 0
Foundation of world religions Foundation of largest pastoral empire (Genghis Khan, 1220CE) Industrial Revolution

CIVILIZATION THEREFORE,
Civilization is the stage in human organization when governmental, social, and economic institutions have developed to sufficiently manage (however imperfectly) the problems of order, security, and efficiency in a complex society. -Philip Lee Ralph, World Civilizations Civilization is the limitless multiplication of unnecessary necessities. - Mark Twain They civilize what's pretty / By puttin' up a city Where nothin' that's / Pretty can grow... They civilize left/ They civilize right Till nothing is left / Till nothing is right - Alan Jay Lerner, The First Thing You Know

THREE MAJOR SHIFTS


1 . ECONOMICS : From hunter-gathering to foodproducing 2. 3 . POLITICS : From bands to states 4. 5 . CULTURE : From mythology to religion

PART 1

ECONOMICS From Hunter-gathering to Foodproducing

ISLAMIC INDIC

SINIC

WHY THE SHIFT?


1.DECLINE IN AVAILABILITY OF WILD FOODS. 2. 3.INCREASE IN AVAILABILITY OF DOMESTICABLE PLANTS. 4. 5.DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES HELPFUL TO FOOD PRODUCTION. 6. 7.TWO WAY LINK IN RISE OF POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD PRODUCTION. 8. 9.DENSER FOOD PRODUCING SOCIETIES OUTPACED THEIR SURROUNDING HUNTER GATHERERS.

ADVANTAGES or DISADVANTAGES?
1.MORE FOOD MEANS MORE CONSUMABLE CALORIES. 2. 3.WITH DOMESTICATED ANIMALS CAME LIVESTOCK. 4. 5.FOOD PRODUCTION LED TO A MORE SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE. 6. 7.SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE ALLOWS PEOPLE TO STORE A FOOD SURPLUS. 8. 9.DOMESTICATED ANIMALS MADE TRADE AND WARFARE POSSIBLE.

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
1.THE RISE OF VILLAGES. With a steadier supply of food, more functions and activities became possible. 2. 3.THE EMERGENCE OF LONG-DISTANCE TRADE. Surplus and invention made an exchange of goods necessary and possible. 4. 5.THE ONSET OF WARFARE. Competition for territory and resources emerged as societies grew larger and encroached on others domain. 6.

A Mesopotamian dwelling

THE LONG VIEW


Economic development follows four distinct historical stages.

Each stage has social implications.

CASE: EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN


Men hunt while women maintain their abode. Primacy is with males and their capability to hunt. In some cultures, women are accorded with higher status for their ability to bear child. More children mean more workers later on.

Work enables women to earn for themselves, thus empowering them to lead their own lives. At this stage, the fight for equal rights begin.

In a service and knowledge based economy, performance and merit determine economic status. Women can now compete and even better their male counterparts.

PART 2

POLITICS From Bands to States

Before we Proceed: What is History?


History is the study of the past.
What is the past? How is it studied? Who does the studying? Why study the past?

Carl Becker, Everyman His Own Historian (1931)


We all think historically. We all live beyond the confines of the present fleeting moment, yet within what matters to us. historian vis-a-vis Historian
Historians are keepers and conveyors of social memory.

Caution about the Past


However: Any work of history is, at best, an approximation of what actually happened in the past. 1. 2. 3. Our sources are limited to what is available. Our goal is to interpret and understand it.

Thus, the question becomes: How is history written? = Historiography

Ibn Khaldun

Considered to be not just the father of historiography, but of the social sciences.

Ibn Khalduns Muqaddimah


" All records , by their very nature , are liable to error ... Partisanship towards a creed or opinion Over-confidence in one's sources The failure to understand what is intended A mistaken belief in the truth The inability to place an event in its real context The common desire to gain favor of those of high ranks, by praising them, by spreading their fame The most important is the ignorance of

Arab philosopher and father of modern historiography

Ibn Khalduns Muqaddimah


Premises in his theory of civilization : 1.Man is political. He cannot do without social organization. 2.The power of the individual is insufficient for him to obtain the food he needs. 3.Mans ability to think allows him to prepare the crafts needed to create instruments such as tools and weapons. 4.Cooperation is necessary to bring all these crafts together. 5.Royal authority is needed to be a restraining influence and keep men apart. 6.Restraining influence is derived from prophecy or religious law.

Arab philosopher and father of modern historiography

BAND, TRIBE, CHIEFDOM, STATE


BAND MEMBERSHIP Number of people Settlement Pattern dozens nomadic Hundreds fixed: 1 village kin-based clans 1 thousands over 50,000 TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE

fixed: 1 or fixed: many more villages villages and cities class and residence 1 class and residence 1 or more

Basis of kin relationships Ethnicities 1 and Languages

This table is adapted from Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond.

BAND, TRIBE, CHIEFDOM, STATE


BAND GOVERNMENT Decision making, Bureaucracy leadership Monopoly of force and Conflict information resolutionof Hierarchy settlement egalitarian none no informal no egalitarian or big-man none no informal no centralized, centralized hereditary or many levels none, or 1 2 levels yes yes centralized laws, judges no paramount capital village TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE

BAND, TRIBE, CHIEFDOM, STATE


ECONOMY Food Division of production Exchanges labor Control of SOCIETY land Stratified Slavery Luxury goods Public for elite Indigenous architecture literacy BAND no no reciprocal band no no no no no TRIBE no yes no reciprocal clan no no no no no CHIEFDOM STATE yes intensive no yes yes intensive redistributive redistributive chief various (tribute) (taxes) yes, by kin yes, not by small-scale large-scale kin yes Yes no yes yes no often

THE HAMMURABI CODE


Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase, enriching Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond compare, sublime patron of E-kur; who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E-apsu; who conquered the four quarters of the world, made great the name of Babylon, rejoiced the heart of Marduk, his lord who daily pays his devotions in Saggil; the royal scion whom Sin made; who enriched Ur; the humble, the reverent, who brings wealth to Gish-shir-gal; the white king, heard of Shamash, the mighty, who again laid the foundations of Sippara; who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green; who made E-babbar great, which is like the heavens, the warrior who guarded Larsa and renewed E-babbar, with Shamash as his helper; the lord who granted new life to Uruk, who brought plenteous water to its inhabitants, raised the head of E-anna, and perfected the beauty of Anu and Nana; shield of the land, who reunited the scattered inhabitants of Isin; who richly endowed E-gal-mach; the protecting king of the city, brother of the god Zamama; who firmly founded the farms of Kish, crowned E-me-te-ursag with glory, redoubled the great holy treasures of Nana, managed the temple of Harsag-kalama; the grave of the enemy, whose help brought about the victory; who increased the power of Cuthah; made all glorious in E-shidlam, the black steer, who gored the enemy; beloved of the god Nebo, who rejoiced the inhabitants of Borsippa, the Sublime; who is indefatigable for E-zida; the divine king of the city; the White, Wise; who broadened the fields of Dilbat, who heaped up the harvests for Urash; the Mighty, the lord to whom come scepter and crown, with which he clothes himself; the Elect of Ma-ma; who fixed the temple bounds of Kesh, who made rich the holy feasts of Nin-tu; the provident, solicitous, who provided food and drink for Lagash and Girsu, who provided large sacrificial offerings for the temple of Ningirsu; who captured the enemy, the Elect of the oracle who fulfilled the prediction of Hallab, who rejoiced the heart of Anunit; the pure prince, whose prayer is accepted by Adad; who satisfied the heart of Adad, the warrior, in Karkar, who restored the vessels for worship in E-ud-gal-gal; the king who granted life to the city of Adab; the guide of E-mach; the princely king of the city, the irresistible warrior, who granted life to the inhabitants of Mashkanshabri, and brought abundance to the temple of Shidlam; the White, Potent, who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits, saved the inhabitants of Malka from misfortune, and fixed their home fast in wealth; who established pure sacrificial gifts for Ea and Dam-gal-nun-na, who made his kingdom everlastingly great; the princely king of the city, who subjected the districts on the Ud-kib-nun-na Canal to the sway of Dagon, his Creator; who spared the inhabitants of Mera and Tutul; the sublime prince, who makes the face of Ninni shine; who presents holy meals to the divinity of Nin-a-zu, who cared for its inhabitants in their need, provided a portion for them in Babylon in peace; the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves; whose deeds find favor before Anunit, who provided for Anunit in the temple of Dumash in the suburb of Agade; who recognizes the right, who rules by law; who gave back to the city of Ashur its protecting god; who let the name of Ishtar of Nineveh remain in E-mish-mish; the Sublime, who humbles himself before the great gods; successor of Sumula-il; the mighty son of Sin-muballit; the royal scion of Eternity; the mighty monarch, the sun of Babylon, whose rays shed light over the land of Sumer and Akkad; the king, obeyed by the four quarters of the world; Beloved of Ninni, am I.

Considered to be the first ever code of laws in history

THE HAMMURABI CODE


Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase, enriching Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond compare, sublime patron of E-kur; who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E-apsu; who conquered the four quarters of the world, made great the name of Babylon, rejoiced the heart of Marduk, his lord who daily pays his devotions in Saggil; the royal scion whom Sin made; who enriched Ur; the humble, the reverent, who brings wealth to Gish-shir-gal; the white king, heard of Shamash, the mighty, who again laid the foundations of Sippara; who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green; who made E-babbar great, which is like the heavens, the warrior who guarded Larsa and renewed E-babbar, with Shamash as his helper; the lord who granted new life to Uruk, who brought plenteous water to its inhabitants, raised the head of E-anna, and perfected the beauty of Anu and Nana; shield of the land, who reunited the scattered inhabitants of Isin; who richly endowed E-gal-mach; the protecting king of the city, brother of the god Zamama; who firmly founded the farms of Kish, crowned E-me-te-ursag with glory, redoubled the great holy treasures of Nana, managed the temple of Harsag-kalama; the grave of the enemy, whose help brought about the victory; who increased the power of Cuthah; made all glorious in E-shidlam, the black steer, who gored the enemy; beloved of the god Nebo, who rejoiced the inhabitants of Borsippa, the Sublime; who is indefatigable for E-zida; the divine king of the city; the White, Wise; who broadened the fields of Dilbat, who heaped up the harvests for Urash; the Mighty, the lord to whom come scepter and crown, with which he clothes himself; the Elect of Ma-ma; who fixed the temple bounds of Kesh, who made rich the holy feasts of Nin-tu; the provident, solicitous, who provided food and drink for Lagash and Girsu, who provided large sacrificial offerings for the temple of Ningirsu; who captured the enemy, the Elect of the oracle who fulfilled the prediction of Hallab, who rejoiced the heart of Anunit; the pure prince, whose prayer is accepted by Adad; who satisfied the heart of Adad, the warrior, in Karkar, who restored the vessels for worship in E-ud-gal-gal; the king who granted life to the city of Adab; the guide of E-mach; the princely king of the city, the irresistible warrior, who granted life to the inhabitants of Mashkanshabri, and brought abundance to the temple of Shidlam; the White, Potent, who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits, saved the inhabitants of Malka from misfortune, and fixed their home fast in wealth; who established pure sacrificial gifts for Ea and Dam-gal-nun-na, who made his kingdom everlastingly great; the princely king of the city, who subjected the districts on the Ud-kib-nun-na Canal to the sway of Dagon, his Creator; who spared the inhabitants of Mera and Tutul; the sublime prince, who makes the face of Ninni shine; who presents holy meals to the divinity of Nin-a-zu, who cared for its inhabitants in their need, provided a portion for them in Babylon in peace; the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves; whose deeds find favor before Anunit, who provided for Anunit in the temple of Dumash in the suburb of Agade; who recognizes the right, who rules by law; who gave back to the city of Ashur its protecting god; who let the name of Ishtar of Nineveh remain in E-mish-mish; the Sublime, who humbles himself before the great gods; successor of Sumula-il; the mighty son of Sin-muballit; the royal scion of Eternity; the mighty monarch, the sun of Babylon, whose rays shed light over the land of Sumer and Akkad; the king, obeyed by the four quarters of the world; Beloved of Ninni, am I.

Considered to be the first ever code of laws in history

THE HAMMURABI CODE


Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase, enriching Nippur and Dur-ilu beyond compare, sublime patron of E-kur; who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E-apsu; who conquered the four quarters of the world, made great the name of Babylon, rejoiced the heart of Marduk, his lord who daily pays his devotions in Saggil; the royal scion whom Sin made;

Considered to be the first ever code of laws in history

who enriched Ur; the humble, the reverent, who brings wealth to Gish-shir-gal; the white king, heard of Shamash, the mighty, who again laid the foundations of Sippara; who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green; who made E-babbar great, which is like the heavens, the warrior who guarded Larsa and renewed E-babbar, with Shamash as his helper; the lord who granted new life to Uruk, who brought plenteous water to its inhabitants, raised the head of E-anna, and perfected the beauty of Anu and Nana;

THE HAMMURABI CODE


Insights from the code : 1.Setting the law in stone shows the importance of law in their society. 2.Hammurabi didnt have to explain his laws; 3.However, he had to justify his rule. 4.Justification was made through the following: a.Presenting his character b.Presenting his royal lineage c.Presenting his track record d.Alluding to the Gods 5. 6.

Considered to be the first ever code of laws in history

MANAGING THE SHIFT


1.SECURE A MONOPOLY OF FORCE. Disarm the masses and arm the elite. The state should provide protection from inside and outside threats. 2. 3.REDISTRIBUTE WEALTH. Gains from tribute and taxes should be felt by everyone. 4. 5.ESTABLISH AN IDEOLOGY OR RELIGION. Rule by a central authority must be justified. Religion provides a bond other than kinship ties among people.

PART 3

CULTURE From Mythology to Religion

RELIGION MAP

WHAT MAKES A RELIGION


1.THE NOTION OF TRANSCENDENCE AND/OR THE NUMINOUS. There is a belief in either a higher being or a higher state of life. 2. 3.MYTHS AND SACRED TRUTHS. Stories that reveal divine realities and paths to morality. 4. 5.ORGANIZED WORSHIP OR DEVOTION. There are behavioural demands on the believers. 6. 7.SOCIAL NORMS AND STANDARDS. There are values every believer aspires to. 8. 9.A COMMUNITY OF BELIEVERS. Religion is a social activity.

CLASSIFICATION OF RELIGIONS
1.BY NUMBER OF GODHEADS. monotheist, dualist, polytheist, atheist, non-theist, pantheist, etc. 1. 2.BY COMPLEXITY OF LITERATURE AND WORSHIP. a.animistic, nature worship b.ancestor worship c.anthropomorphic religion d.organized religion 3. 4.BY GEO-CULTURAL REGIONS. a.Abrahamic: Judaism, Christianity, Islam b.Dharmic: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism c.Sinic: Confucianism, Taoism d. e.

RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
1. ANIMISTIC, NATURE WORSHIP

Three elements of Shinto: purification, offering and prayer

RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
2. ANCESTOR WORSHIP

RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
3. ANTHROPOMORPHIC RELIGION

RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY
4. ORGANIZED RELIGION

RELIGION BY GEO-CULTURAL REGION


1. ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS

SIMILARITIES Originated in Southwest Asia Traces their sacred history to Abraham Teachings can be summarized as Love God above all, and love your neighbor as you love yourself DIFFERENCES Social history birthed different traditions Primary figures vary: Jews (patriarchs), Christians (Jesus Christ), Muslims (Muhammad)

RELIGION BY GEO-CULTURAL REGION


2. DHARMIC RELIGIONS

SIMILARITIES Originated in South Asia Highly spiritual and devotional Shares common teachings such as dharma, karma and ahimsa DIFFERENCES Buddhism and Jainism were reactions to Hinduism Hinduism subscribes to the caste system

RELIGION BY GEO-CULTURAL REGION


3. SINIC RELIGION

SIMILARITIES Originated in East Asia Non-theistic Began not as religions but as philosophical schools Philosophy answered important questions on statecraft DIFFERENCES Confucianism and Taoism vary in their approaches to government, the value of knowledge, the emphasis on ritual, and the meaning of happiness

INTERSECTION OF FAITH & SOCIETY


1.THE AXIAL AGE THESIS. Termed by Karl Jaspers and popularized by Karen Armstrong, the thesis refers to the period of 800 to 200BCE when the great religions emerged. Features of the age include: 2. a.Internal and external instability within states caused a need for spiritual refinement. b.History becomes open to having several axial ages; Renaissance is the second, and our current age is the third. 3. 4.RELIGION AND POLITICS. The following observations have been made of the link between religion and politics. 5. a.Religion is used to justify the authority of a ruler. b.Religion replaces the ties of kinship that erode when a society becomes too large. c.Government figures appeal to religious authority for popular support. In turn, religions receive sponsorship from the state. d.Religions without state support tend to die out. e.

INTERSECTION OF FAITH & SOCIETY


3.MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION AS ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGY. While some aspects of mythology and religion may seem too fantastic for us, they are tied to the ethos of the society that birthed it. 4. 5.RELIGION AS A SPONSOR OF SCIENCE AND THE ARTS. Science and technology were developed to explore mans relationship with the universe and the material world. Scientific inquiry was made on behalf of religion. On another hand, art and literature were used to express their understanding of the divine.

INTERSECTION OF FAITH & SOCIETY


Some historical observations: 1.Religions emerged during times of great social imbalance, turmoil, and confusion. 2. 3.What kinship ties are to smaller and simpler societies, religion is to larger and more complex ones. 4. 5.Religion helps legitimize the rule of an elite class. 6. 7.Government sponsorship of religion has allowed it to grow and prosper. 8. 9.Religion inspired a lot of innovation in science, technology, and the arts. A lot of the greatest works in human history were devoted to illustrate mankinds understanding and mastery of the divine.

CONCLUSION

CIVILIZATION
Civilization is the stage in human organization when governmental, social, and economic institutions have developed to sufficiently manage (however imperfectly) the problems of order, security, and efficiency in a complex society. -Philip Lee Ralph, World Civilizations

FIVE COMPONENTS OF CIVILIZATION


1.A SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE THAT LEADS TO A FOOD SURPLUS AND SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR 2. 3.A FORM OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 4. 5.SOCIAL NORMS AND STANDARDS (BELIEF SYSTEMS) 6. 7.A DEFINING CULTURE (ARTS AND LITERATURE) 8. 9.SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO MANAGE SOCIETY

CONCLUDING REMARKS
1.THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT AND CULTURE IS AN INTERTWINED PROCESS. Developments and changes in one affect the others. 2. 3.THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION IS UNENDING. The wheel of history continues to turn and so our world will continue to change but for the better? 4. 5.

TOO MUCH FOOD?

AFTERWORD

WORLD CIVILIZATION From Today to Tomorrow

CHALLENGES THAT REMAIN


1.ENVIROMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY. Climate change, the rising price of food and oil, dwindling biodiversity, and a coming water war are just among our environmental challenges. 2. 3.POPULATION CHALLENGE. Our worlds population threatens to hit 12 billion by 2050 if nothing is changed. 4. 5.GLOBAL INEQUALITY. In 2005, the poorest 40% of the world population accounted for 5% of global income. The richest 20% accounted for 75% of world income, and the richest 10% accounted for 54%. 6. 7.SHIFT OF GLOBAL POWER. A new global order is emerging with Asia (China and India) at the center. Are we ready? 8. 9.DEMOCRATIC RECESSION. More and more governments are retreating into autocratic rule. What does that mean for democracy? 10. 11.GLOBAL INSECURITY. 9/11 has exposed the geo-political tensions in the world. What have we done since?

END OF THE PRESENTATION

OTHER PRESENTATIONS IN

THE SS2 ASIAN STUDIES CIVILIZATION LECTURE SERIES

I Introduction to Civilization . I I . I. History of India I I I. V V .History of China VI . V I History of Islam I .


MARTIN BENEDICT PEREZ 2009

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