Course Conducted by Shuvodip Das, Lecturer, Department of ETE, Prime University.

Image
y Images are of 3 types y Computer Generated Image/ Computer Graphics/Graphics. y Digitized Image of documents and y Digitized Image of picture.
All three types of images are displayed in the form of a 2D matrix of individual picture elements known as pixels or pels. Each type of image is represented and created differently.

Computer Generated Image/ Computer Graphics/Graphics

y Software or program to create computer graphics. y easy-to-use tools to create computer graphics that are

composed of objects including lines, arcs, squares, rectangles, circles, ovals, diamonds, stars and so on. y Facilities to change shape, size or colour. y A computers display screen can be considered as being made up of a 2D matrix of individual picture elements-pixels-each of which can have a range of colours associated with it. For example, VGA (Video Graphics Array) is a common type of display and consists of a matrix of 640 horizontal pixels by 480 vertical pixels with, for example, 8 bits per pixel which allows each pixel to have one of 256 different colour.
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Computer Generated Image/ Computer Graphics/Graphics

Graphics principles : a) example screen format; b) some simple object examples; c) effect of changing position attribute; d) solid objects.

Computer Generated Image/ Computer Graphics/Graphics

y Each object has a number of attributes associated with it.

y Attributes: y Shape: a line, a circle, a square and so on. y Size: in terms of pixel positions and its border

coordinates, the colour of the border, its shadow and so on.

Editing an object involving simply changing selected attributes associated with the object. Colour Fill: The pixels enclosed by its border can all be assigned the same colour called colour fill. Rendering: Colour filling process of creating solid object is called Rendering.
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Representation of Computer Graphics

y Forms of representation of computer graphics/graphics: y a high level version (source code of a high level program) and y actual pixel image of the graphic (bit map format). y Standardization forms of representing graphics : y GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) y TIFF (Tagged Image file format) y SRGP (Simple Raster Graphics Package)

Digitized Documents
y Example: An example of a digitized document is that produced by the scanner

associated with a facsimile (fax) machine.

y The scanner associated with a fax machine operates by scanning each complete page

from left to right to produce a sequence of scan lines that start at the top of the page and end at the bottom. The vertical resolution of the scanning procedure is either 3.85 or 7.7 lines per milimeter which is equivalent to approximately 100 or 200 lines per inch. As each line is scanned, the output of the scanner is digitized to a resolution of approximately 8 picture elements or pels.
y Fax machine uses single binary digit to represent each pel, a 0 for a white pel and a 1

for a black pel. For a typical page it produces a stream of about two million bits. The printer part of a fax machine then reproduces the original image by printing out the received stream of bits to a similar resolution. Single binary digit per pel is used for fax machines that are best suited to scan bitonal (black and white) images such as printed documents comprising mainly textual information.
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Digitized Documents

Fig: Facsimile machine principles : a) schematic b) digitization format

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Digitized Picture
y In the case of scanners which are used for digitizing continuous-

tone mono-chromatic images-such as a printed picture or scenenormally more than a single bit is used to digitize each pel. Good quality black and white picture can be obtained by using 8 bits per pel. This yields 256 different levels of gray per element-varying between black and white-which gives a substantially improved picture quality over a facsimile image when reproduced.

Colour Principle
y A whole spectrum of colours (colour gamut)- can be produced by using different

proportions of the three primary colours Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B).

y Colour Mixing techniques: y Additive colour mixing technique and y Subtractive colour mixing technique. y Additive colour mixing technique:

y This technique is used for producing a colour image on a black surface. Here black is

produced when all three primary colours are zero. An additive color model involves light emitted directly from a source or illuminant of some sort. The additive reproduction process usually uses red, green and blue light to produce the other colors. Combining one of these additive primary colors with another in equal amounts produces the additive secondary colors cyan, magenta, and yellow. Combining all three primary lights (colors) in equal intensities produces white. Varying the luminosity of each light (color) eventually reveals the full gamut of those three lights (colors).
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Colour Principle: Additive colour mixing technique

y Computer monitors and televisions use a system called

optical mixing and cannot be considered additive light because the colors do not overlap. The red, green, and blue pixels are side-by-side. When a green color appears, only the green pixels light up. When a cyan color appears, both green and blue pixels light up. When white appears all the pixels light up. Because the pixels are so small and close together our eyes blend them together, having a similar effect as additive light. Another common use of additive light is the projected light used in theatrical lighting (plays, concerts, circus shows, night clubs, etc.).
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Colour Principle: Subtractive colour mixing technique

y Subtractive Colour Mixing Technique: y With this technique white can be produced when the three chosen primary colours cyan (C), magenta (M) and yellow (Y) are all zero. It is effective for producing image on a white surface. y The subtractive primary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY). These are the three colors used in printer ink cartridges.

Subtractive Colors Cyan, Magenta and Yellow

Absorbs Blue + Green Red Red + Blue Green + Red Green Blue

Creates Cyan Magenta Yellow

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Video Display Devices

Display Hardware Video display devices Input devices y Locator Devices y Keyboard devices

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Display Technologies
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) y Most common display device today y Evacuated glass bottle y Extremely high voltage y Heating element (filament) y Electrons pulled towards anode focusing cylinder y Vertical and horizontal deflection plates y Beam strikes phosphor coating on front of tube

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Electron Gun
stream of electrons y Electrons are focused with an electromagnet into a sharp beam and directed to a specific point of the face of the picture tube y The front surface of the picture tube is coated with small phosphor dots y When the beam hits a phosphor dot it glows with a brightness proportional to the strength of the beam and how often it is excited by the beam yThe picture is repeatedly repainted (refresh CRT)
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y Contains a filament that, when heated, emits a

CRT Monitor
CRT
Shadow Mask Electron Guns
Red Input

Green Input

Blue Input

Deflection Yoke

Red, Blue, and Green Phosphor Dots

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List the properties of CRT

1. Persistence 2. Resolution 3. Addressability 4. Aspect ratio

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Persistence
How long small spots continue to emit light after the beam is moved. How long it takes for the emitted light from the screen to decay to one-tenth of its original intensity.
y Lower persistence requires high refresh rate & it is good

for animation. y High persistence is useful for displaying highly complex static pictures. y Graphics monitors are usually constructed with 10 to 60 microseconds.
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Resolution

Intensity distribution

The maximum number of points that can be displayed without an overlap on a CRT is referred to as the resolution. The smaller the spot size, the higher the resolution. The higher the resolution, the better is the graphics system High quality resolution is 1280x1024 The intensity distribution of spots on the screen have Gaussian shape. Adjacent points will appear distinct as long as their separation is greater than the diameter at which each spot has intensity of about 60% of that at the center of the spot.
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Addressability
Addressability is the number of individual dots per inch (d.p.i.) that can be created. If the address of the current dot is (x, y) then the next dot will be (x + y), (x + y + 1) The picture on a screen consists of intensified points. The smallest addressable point on the screen is called pixel or picture element
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Aspect ratio
This number gives the ratio between vertical points and horizontal points necessary to produce equal length lines in both directions on the screen. Aspect ratio = means that a vertical line plotted with 3 points is equal in length to a horizontal line plotted with 4 points.

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Display Technologies: CRTs

1. Raster Scan Displays 2. Vector Displays 3. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 4. Plasma Panel 5. Organic LED Arrays

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Raster Scan Displays

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Raster Scan Displays (1)

y Raster: A rectangular array of points or dots y Pixel: One dot or picture element of the raster. Its

intensity range for pixels depends on capability of the system y Scan line: A row of pixels y Picture elements are stored in a memory called frame buffer

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Raster Scan Displays (2)

y Frame must be refreshed to draw new images y As new pixels are struck by electron beam, others

are decaying y Electron beam must hit all pixels frequently to eliminate flicker y Critical fusion frequency
y

Typically 60 times/sec

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Raster Scan Displays (3)

y Intensity of pixels depends on the system for

example black and white screens each point can be on or off thus it needs one bit of memory to represent each pixel. y To paint color screen additional bits are needed. If three bits are used, then number of different colors are 2*2*2. y A special memory is used to store the image with scan-out synchronous to the raster. We call this the frame buffer.
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Raster Scan Displays (6)

Raster CRT pros:
y Allows solids, not just wire frames y Leverages low-cost CRT technology (i.e., TVs) y Bright! Display emits light

Cons:
y Requires screen-size memory array y Discrete sampling (pixels) y Practical limit on size

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Frame Buffers

y A frame buffer may be thought of as computer memory organized

as a two-dimensional array with each (x,y) addressable location corresponding to one pixel. each pixel.
y y y

y Bit Planes or Bit Depth is the number of bits corresponding to y A typical frame buffer resolution might be

640 x 480 x 8 1280 x 1024 x 8 1280 x 1024 x 24

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Monochrome Display (Bit-map Display)

1 bit 2l v l

El

tron Gun

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3-Bit Color Display

3 red green blue

COLOR: black red green blue yellow cyan magenta white R G B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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True Color Display

24 bit planes, 8 bits per color gun. 224 = 16,777,216
N

Red

Green B ue

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