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Machines:
have an unique purpose augment or replace human or animal effort accomplish physical tasks involve transformation of various forms of energy into mechanical energy have input, output, transforming and a transmitting devices
HIERARCHY OF MACHINES
Develop forces and motions to accomplish specific tasks Motors, rotors et cetera.
Micro-electro-mechanical Systems (MEMS) fabricated silicon rotary elements for micro-motors, micro-generators and microturbomachinery....et cetera.
Are able to apply forces and manipulate objects in the nano-scale world. Are able to assemble and fabricate other machines or products. Multiple degrees of freedom. Perform maintenance, repair and inspection operations. Ultimate example CELL.
Nano-machines designed (and inspired) by harnessing properties of biological materials (peptides, DNAs), their designs and functionalities. Inspired not only by the Nature but macromachines too. Developed from bio-molecular nanocomponents and devices like DNA, proteins.
Bio-molecular machines
Machine components are those biological elements whose function at the cellular level:
o creates motion o creates force o creates a signal o stores information
Artificial Bionanomachine
Bio-molecular components perform their preprogrammed biological function in response to the specific physiochemical stimuli but in an artificial setting. Some examples of Bionanorobots are:
DNA Walker Nano-organism
Natural Nanomachines
Cytoskeleton ATPase VPL Kinesin Myosin Dynein Ion pumps DNA Helicase RNA Polymerase ..
Motor proteins : tiny vehicles that transport molecular cargoes around inside cells.
ATPase
The
subunit:
o about 1 nm in diameter, o rotates inside the F1 subunit(which is about 5 nm in diameter) o produces approximately 40 pN-nm of rotary torque
Every time an ATP molecule is synthesized, the head of ATPase rotates by 120, making this protein a very small and very efficient nanopropeller.
VPL
VPL Motor at neutral pH Front view of the partially -helical triple stranded coiled coil. VPL motor is in the closed conformation.
Motor Proteins
Kinesin: a linear processive motor that transports chemical payloads along microtubules in the cell. Myosin and Dynein: non-processive motors, which detach from the track and subsequently re-attach, and therefore can be seen as hopping along the track instead of walking.
Kinesin heads working in conjunction: i) Both ADP-carrying heads come near the microtubule and one of them (black neck) binds;
ii) Loss of bound ADP and addition of fresh ATP in the bound head moves the other (red neck) to the right;
iii) The second head (red) binds to microtubule while losing its ADP, and replacing it with a new ATP molecule while the first head hydrolyses its ATP and loses Pi;
iv) The ADP carrying black-neck will now be snapped forward, and the cycle will be repeated.
iii) Lever arm swings to the left with the release of ADP, and; iv) Replacement of the lost ADP with a fresh ATP molecule results in dissociation of the head.
Man-Made Nanomachines
Assembled in an electron microscope from indium nanocrystal ram between two carbon-nanotube lever arms Another indium nanocrystal:
attached to one of the lever arms, through electromigration of indium atoms along the surface of the nanotubes, serves as a continuous supply of indium atoms.
The voltage bias applied to the lever controls the direction of flow of indium atoms between reservoir and ram, making the ram grow or shrink, and thereby prying the lever arms apart or allowing them to relax together.
Macro-Nano Equivalence
Structural Elements Joints Actuators Sensors
Metal, Plastic Polymer Electric Motors, Pneumatic Actuators, Smart Materials, Batteries, Light sensors, force sensors, position sensors, Temperature sensors, Revolute, Prismatic, Spherical Joints etc.
Developing a Bio-nano-robot
Finalization of Bio-nano-components
DNA as joints, hinges Proteins as motors... et c.
DNA Tweezer
Futuristic Applications
A "nanorobot" flowing inside a blood vessel, finds an infected cell. The nanorobot attaches to the cell and projects a drug to repair or destroy the infected cell.
Nanorobot
Infected RBC
Man-made Nano-organism
Body - carbon nanotubes
Power unit biomolecular motor located at the head can propel the device in various environments.
Feet helical peptide limbs can be used for locomotion and object manipulation