.

~ r
LINLAR DC PCVLR SUPPLY
- ~~^- .^ -
.
Lleclronlc equlpmenl ure uslng un ucllve devlces llke dlodes.
lrunslslors. und olhers. An ucllve devlces requlred d.c volluge lo
operule.
Lleclronlc equlpmenl lhul requlres u hlgh d.c volluge uses u lol of dry
cells. Therefore ll ls nol economlcul.
The eleclrlclly supplled lo lhe publlc lhrough lhe sockels ul homes
und bulldlngs ure ln lhe form of u.c volluge und lhe vulue of lhese u.c
volluge ure hlgh (I phuse = 240 V. 3 phuse = 4I5 V)
^- .~~ .^ - .
W Tunsformer
lo lncreuse / decreuse lhe volluge ullernullng currenl.
W Recllflers
converl lhe ullernullng currenl volluge lo lhe volluge pulse.
W Flller
converl lhe volluge pulse lo lhe volluge ul rlppled or preferubly lhe volluge
ul pure.
W Regululor
help lo reduce lo zero or ul leusl lo u mlnlmul vulue.
W Volluge dlvlders
dlvlde lhe volluge uccordlng lo lhe clrcull.
A.C volluge D.C volluge
1kAN5ICkMLk
kLC1IIILk
IIL1Lk
kLGULA1Ck
VCL1AGL
DIVIDLk
Flgure I.I : 8lock Dlugrum For Dc Pover Supply
~~-
to increase / decrease the voItage aIternating current
Step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the
current.
Step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the
current
Flgure I.2 : Dlugrum und lype of lrunsformer
-^-
Inlroducllon
Mosl devlces or eleclronlc syslems requlre u dc pover supply lo
operule.
Cenerully muny source of pover lhul supplled lo lhe house ls
u.c. so lo gel lhe d.c volluge. ve use u recllfler clrcull.
Recllfler lo be dlscussed ure: -
E hulf-vuve recllfler
E full-vuve recllfler
E brldge recllfler.
~-~- -^- ^^.
Cperullon.
I. Durlng lhe poslllve cycle of lhe lnpul slgnul. lhe dlode D ls ln
forvurd blus condlllon. D ucls us u svllch (close condlllon) und lhe
currenl cun puss lhrough lhe clrcull. The vulue of lhe Volluge drop
on lhe RL ls equul lo lhe mugnllude of lhe poslllve cycle of lhe lnpul
slgnul. ( lf ve lgnore lhe volluge drop on lhe dlode)
'm
'
t
D
R
L
t
'm
'm
Flgure I.3 : Hulf vuve recllfler und lhe oulpul
Durlng lhe negullve cycle of lnpul slgnul. lhe dlode D ln reverse
blused condlllon. D ucls us u svllch ( open condlllon) so lhe currenl
cun nol puss lhrough lhe clrcull. So. lhe vulue of Volluge drop ln lhe
RL durlng lhe negullve cycle ls emply.
3. Vhen ve connecl lhe oscllloscope ucross lhe RL ve vlll flnd lhe
oulpul vuveform ls lhe sume us Flgure I.3
Culpul Volluge
Culpul volluge for hulf-vuve recllfler clrcull produced only ul
poslllve cycle of lhe currenl. Slnce lhe currenl lhrough lhe dlode und
lhe dlode volluge drop ls 0.7V (ussumlng slllcon dlode). lhe oulpul
volluge ls: -
frequency
The frequency oulpul slgnul ls equul lo lhe lnpul frequency.
Vk = Vm - 0.7V
.-~- -^- ^^.
Vhen lhe u.c volluge provlded on lhe clrcull. lhe end of M und N
on lhe lrunsformer vlll be poslllve und negullve ullernulely .
Vhen lhe lnpul volluge ls poslllve cycle . lhe lermlnul M ls poslllve.
C= 0 (lhe eurlh) und N ls negullve.
Dlodes DI lo be forvurd blused vhlle dlode D2 lo be reverse
blused. Currenl flovs ulong lhe M. DI. C. A. 8. C.
A poslllve cycle of lhe vuve vlll be produced ul lhe loud RL

D
1
D
2
R
L
Flgure I.4 Full vuve recllfler clrcull
Vhen lhe lnpul volluge ls negullve cycle . lhe lermlnul M ls negullve.
C = 0 (lhe eurlh) und N be poslllve.
Dlode D2 become forvurd blused vhlle lhe dlode DI become
reverse blus. Currenl flovs ulong lhe N. D2. C. A. 8. C. A poslllve
cycle of lhe vuve vlll be produced ul lhe loud RL.
Vhen ve unulyze lhe operullon lhe oulpul should be us shovn ln
Flgure I.5:
'm
'

'

t
t
t
'
t
Flgure I.5: Culpul for full vuve recllfler clrcull
Culpul Volluge
Culpul volluge of full vuve recllfler clrcull resulllng ln lvo cycles.
Slnce ln u cycle of currenl lhrough u dlode und lhe volluge drop on
lhe dlode ls 0.7V (ussumlng slllcon dlode). lhe oulpul volluge ls: -
Frequency
Culpul slgnul frequency ls lvlce lhe lnpul frequency.
Vk = V
M-C
- 0.7V
.- -^-
A brldge recllfler cun be mude uslng four lndlvlduul dlodes. bul ll ls ulso
uvulluble ln speclul puckuges conlulnlng lhe four dlodes requlred.
Il ls culled u full-vuve recllfler becuuse ll uses ull lhe uc vuve (bolh poslllve
und negullve secllons).
I.4V ls used up ln lhe brldge recllfler becuuse euch dlode uses 0.7V vhen
conducllng und lhere ure ulvuys lvo dlodes conducllng. us shovn ln lhe
Flgure I.6.
8rldge recllflers ure ruled by lhe muxlmum currenl lhey cun puss und lhe
muxlmum reverse volluge lhey cun vllhslund (lhls musl be ul leusl lhree
llmes lhe supply rms volluge so lhe recllfler cun vllhslund lhe peuk
volluges).
Flgure I.6 : 8rldge recllfler
Flgure I.7 : Electron flow for positive half-cycles
%ime
%ime
Flgure I.8 : Electron flow for negative half-cycles
.' .
Clurlfy lhe uppllcullon of brldge recllfler ln u pover supply unll.
Dlscuss lhe operullon of lnlegruled clrcull brldge recllfler
u. Dulu sheel of u brldge recllfler IC
b. Pln conflgurullon und usslgnmenls
c. Appllcullon of brldge recllfler IC
-
#0.9107
.7.:9
Flller clrcull
'
t
'
t
'
t
A.C Volluge
Rlpple volluge
Flgure I.9: The shupe of vuveform before und ufler flllerlng process
Inlroducllon
The muln lusk of lhe flller ls lo converl lhe pulsed of u.c volluge lo u
rlppled d.c volluge or preferubly lhe pure d.c volluge und free from
pulses of u flxed vulue us cun be oblulned from lhe bullery.
Among lhe clrculls lhul commonly used flllers ure: -
W C flller
W RC flller
W LC flllers
W 6 flller
^ - ^~~^ -
Flller ls performed by u lurge vulue eleclrolyllc cupucllor connecled
ucross lhe DC supply lo ucl us u reservolr. supplylng currenl lo lhe
oulpul vhen lhe vurylng DC volluge from lhe recllfler ls fulllng.
Flller Clrcull
1 R
L
'

D
Flgure I.I0: flller clrcull vllh eleclrolyllc cupucllor
The dlugrum belov shovs lhe unsmoolhed vurylng DC und lhe
smoolhed DC
The cupucllor churges qulckly neur lhe peuk of lhe vurylng DC. und
lhen dlschurges us ll supplles currenl lo lhe oulpul.
'm
20
t
15
10
5
0
6 2
8 4 10
15'p-p
'
20
15
10
5
0
t
6 2
8 4 10

!
"
#

Flgure I.II: Culpul for c flller

A flller ls nol perfecl due lo lhe cupucllor volluge fulllng u llllle us ll
dlschurges. glvlng u smull rlpple volluge. For muny clrculls u rlpple
vhlch ls I0% of lhe supply volluge ls sullsfuclory und lhe equullon
belov glves lhe requlred vulue for lhe flller vllh cupucllor.
Vhere: I [Amps]. C [F]. f [Hz] und Vr [V]
Nole: The rlpple volluge shouldn'l be hlgher lhun I0% of Vs.
A lurger cupucllor vlll glve less rlpple. The cupucllor vulue musl be
doubled vhen flllerlng hulf-vuve DC.
f C
I
Jr

Tlme conslunl R
L
C
I
'
20
15
5
0
t
6 2
8 4 10

1
0.1uF
2
1uF
Vr
=
Tlme conslunl R
L
C
2
10
Lx I: Vhul should be lhe Cupucllunce lo upproprlulely flller un 24Vpp
AC slgnul. 60Hz und IA!
F 6950
60Hz 1' 0,1
1A
I '7

3
c c c

c c

Flgure I.I2 : Rlpple volluge lf uslng dlfferenl cupucllor CI und C2

^ -
RC flller ls u clrcull lhul ve udded ufler lhe cupucllor flller.
RC flllers ure produced by pluclng u reslslor ln serles vllh lhe loud
(RL) und u cupucllor ln purullel vllh lhe loud (RL). Reslslor (R) vlll
druln rlpple volluge lo u smuller vulue. Cupucllor C2 vlll flllerlng lhe
remulnlng rlpple volluge.
Hovever. lhls RC flller hus led lo some dlsudvunluges vhere lhe
vulue of lhe d.c volluge lhul ucross RL vlll ulso be dlmlnlshed lo u
lover vulue.

1
Recllfler
clrcull

2
R
L
'
R
Flgure I.I3 : RC Flller
6 -
6 flller ucls lo overcome lhe problems generuled by lhe RC flller.To
bulll 6 flller ve cun repluce lhe reslslor ln RC flller vllh lhe lnduclor
(L).
Induclor vlll only reduce lhe vulue of u rlpple u.u. volluge.
Induclor hus u lov reslslunce lo d.c bul ulso provlde u hlgh
lmpedunce lo lhe u.c .
Thus. lhe d.c volluge oulpul ls nol decllnlng vhen ucross lhe RL. bul
lhe rlpple u.c volluge vlll be reduced slgnlflcunlly vhen cross L.

1
Recllfler

2
R
L '
L
Flgure I.I4 : 6 Flller Clrcull
^ -
8y comblnlng lhe udvunluges of serles lnduclunce und purullel
cupucllor. LC flllers huve been produced. Thls flller ulso ucls us u lov
puss flller (lov-puss flller).
Rectifier

2
R
L
'
L
Flgure I.I5 : LC Flller Clrcull
-.~
An eleclrlcul regululor deslgned lo uulomullcully mulnluln u conslunl
volluge level.
A volluge regululor muy be u slmple "feed-forvurd" deslgn or muy
lnclude negullve feedbuck conlrol loops. Il muy use un
eleclromechunlcul mechunlsm. or eleclronlc componenls.
Dependlng on lhe deslgn. ll muy be used lo regulule one or more AC
or DC volluges.
Lleclronlc volluge regululors ure found ln devlces such us compuler
pover supplles vhere lhey slublllze lhe DC volluges used by lhe
processor und olher elemenls.
Regulullon percenluge:
vhere
VNL = no-loud volluge
Vfl = full loud volluge
There ure lhree lyplcul volluge regululor clrcull ls used: -
W volluge regululor zener dlode
W lrunslslor serles volluge regululor
W volluge regululor lnlegruled clrcull (78XX serles)
503,9:r,3
J J
J
NL FL
FL

L100

23
503,9:r,3
Jm, J
Jm,

L100
-~- ..- ~-
-.~
ener dlodes vlll operule us u volluge regululor ln reverse blus.
ener dlode hus lls ovn speclullles vhlch ll cun regulule volluge lf
operullng ln lhe zener reglon.
To operule ln lhe zener reglon. lhe lnpul volluge musl be greuler
lhun lhe zener volluge und lhe loud reslslunce does nol cuuse lhe
zener currenl equul lo zero
Recllfler Flller
Dz
R
R
L
Flgure I.I6 : zener dlode volluge regululor
-~ ~~ ~-
-.~
Trunslslors connecled ln serles vllh lhe loud vlll conlrol lhe lnpul volluge
ulloved lo lhe oulpul. The oulpul volluge ure sumpled by u clrcull vhlch
supplles u feedbuck volluge (compured lo lhe reference volluge ).
Referrlng lo flgure . lf lhe oulpul volluge decreuses. lncreuse ln V8L cuuses
lhe lrunslslor lo produce more currenl. lhls currenl vlll lncreuse lhe oulpul
volluge und mulnlulnlng lhe oulpul volluge
The zener dlode vlll ucl us u reference volluge. The sume process occurs lf
lhe oulpul volluge lncreuses. The lrunslslor vlll reduce lhe currenl vulue.
cuuslng lhe oulpul volluge und mulnlulnlng lhe oulpul volluge decreuses.
R
Recllfler
Flller
Q1
Dz
R
L
Flgure I.I7: Serlul Trunslslor Volluge Regululor
~- -.~-
~-~-. ^^. --
`
The 78xx (somellmes LM78xx) ls u fumlly of self-conlulned flxed
llneur volluge regululor lnlegruled clrculls.
The 78xx fumlly ls commonly used ln eleclronlc clrculls requlrlng u
regululed pover supply due lo lhelr euse-of-use und lov cosl.
For ICs vllhln lhe fumlly. lhe xx ls repluced vllh lvo dlglls.
lndlcullng lhe oulpul volluge (for exumple. lhe 7805 hus u 5 voll
oulpul. vhlle lhe 78I2 produces I2 volls).
The 78xx llnes ure poslllve volluge regululors: lhey produce u
volluge lhul ls poslllve relullve lo u common ground.
Recllfler
Flllers
LM7405

Flgure I.I8: Volluge regululor- Inlegruled Clrculls

~- ..- ^^.
A volluge dlvlder (ulso knovn us u polenllul dlvlder) ls u slmple
llneur clrcull lhul produces un oulpul volluge (Voul) lhul ls u frucllon
of lls lnpul volluge (Vln).
Volluge dlvlslon refers lo lhe purllllonlng of u volluge umong lhe
componenls of lhe dlvlder.
A slmple exumple of u volluge dlvlder conslsls of lvo reslslors ln
serles or u polenllomeler (udiusluble reslslors). Il ls commonly used
lo creule u reference volluge or lo gel u lov volluge slgnul
proporllonul lo lhe volluge lo be meusured
In some syslems of eleclronlc equlpmenl. especlully equlpmenl lurge
or complex. ll conslsls of severul sluges. euch clrcull ls somellmes
used volluges ul dlfferenl vulue llke TV syslem. lhere ure more lhun
len dlfferenl levels of clrcull funcllons und some lhul requlre volluge
I00V. 48V. I2V.
A reslsllve dlvlder ls u speclul cuse vhere bolh lmpedunces. I und
2. ure purely reslsllve .Subslllullng I = RI und 2 = R2
3 4:9
J
Z Z
Z
J O

3 4:9
J
R R
R
J O

Flgure I.I9 : Volluge dlvlder clrcull

^-- ~-~ -
. ^^.
Flgure I.20 shovs u schemullc dlugrum of u slmple pover supply unll
vhlch lncludes full vuve recllfler. flller und volluge regululor.

1
2
L
Dz
R
L
R
Flller Regululor Volluge Dlvlder
Trunsformer
Recllfler
A Llneur
Culpul
Volluge

D
1
D
2