Basic Microwave Propagation

Basic Microwave Propagation
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MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance

Agenda
Link budget Free Space Loss Radio and Antenna properties Line of Sight Fading Frequency planning Transmission quality
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Link budget
GTX
Antenna Gain
Frequency
GRX
Antenna Gain
Power Level [dBm] PTX Output Power
A = Free Space Loss

(incl. Gas Absorption)
PRX Input Power Fade Margin Distance Receiver Threshold Level
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Basic Free Space Loss Calculation d f
Basic Free Space Loss A 0 = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

d = distance in km f = frequency in GHz A 0 = 92.4 + 20 log 30 + 20 log 15 = 145 dB
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Free space loss

High frequency Easier to get license Short range Urban use in general
Low frequency Long range Generally used in rural areas
Generally frequency licenses shall be applied for from national administrations

Modulation Techniques, examples

C-QPSK (4QAM) 16-QAM 128-QAM
4 symbols 2 bits/symbol
16 symbols 4 bits/symbol Traffic capacity [Mbit/s]
128 symbols 7 bits/symbol Traffic capacity per bandwidth

128QAM 16QAM C-QPSK
Channel spacing [MHz] C-QPSK 16QAM 128QAM 3.5 4 7 8 16 14 16 37 28 37 155 56 (2x 28) 155
Available combinations in MINI-LINK
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Distance [km]
Antenna
Antenna gain
A small antenna gives: Less windload, less visibility and lower cost for antenna and installation
A large antenna gives: Higher gain, thereby longer hop and/or higher transmission quality Lower radio frequency Larger antenna Longer path length Larger antenna
Link Budget
Antenna Gain
Power Level [dBm] Transmitter output power
Antenna Gain [dBi]
1.2m antenna 0.6m antenna 0.3m antenna
Input power to the receiver
Receiver threshold level 0 km

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n km
Distance [km]

Agenda
Link budget Line of Sight Atmospheric properties Fresnell zone Ground clearance Fading Frequency planning Transmission quality
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Line of sight
Ground clearence Radio optical line of sight Geometrical line of sight
Heights of masts must be designed so that there is a radio optical free line of sight and a sufficiently large ground clearance. Due to atmospheric properties the radio beam is normally bent slightly downwards
Line of sight
Refraction
Ground clearence Radio optical line of sight Geometrical line of sight
The bending effect is described by the k-factor k = 4/3 corresponds to a standard atmosphere The earth radii is multiplied with the k-factor and thereby, at standard atmosphere, making the earth flatter.
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Line of sight
Earth bulge
Flat earth surface
Earth bulge Hop length: Radio optical earth bulge at standard atmosphere, k = 4/3 Real earth bulge, k = 1 Radio optical earth bulge at sub refractive atmosphere, k = 2/3 5km 0.4m 0.5m 0.7m 15km 3.3m 4.4m 6.7m 50km 37m 50m 75m
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Line of sight
The 1:st Fresnell zone
The signal power is distributed in the space surrounding the direct line of sight
Line of sight
1st zone
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Line of sight
The 1:st Fresnell zone, examples of radii at mid path
rF
Hop length: 7GHz 15GHz 38GHz

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5km 7m 5m 3m
14
15km 12m 8m 5m
50km 23m 16m 10m

Line of sight
Design Objective
rF
The 1st Fresnel zone shall be free from obstacles when k = 4/3 On paths over water surfaces or desert areas, it is recommended to have the 1st Fresnel zone free from obstacles when k = 1
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Line of sight
Obstruction Loss - Knife-edge Obstructions
Line of Sight
0 dB
0 dB
6 dB
12 dB
16 dB
20 dB
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Agenda
Link budget Line of Sight Fading Rain fading Multipath fading Frequency planning Transmission quality
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Rain fading
Rain drops real shape:
Horizontally polarised waves are attenuated more than vertically polarised waves
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Rain fading
50
37 dB/km
10
150 100 50 30 22 10 4 2 1 0.4
Tropical Downpour Heavy Rain
Rain Absorption Coefficient (dB/km)
Instantaneous Rain Intensity (mm/h)
6.0 dB/km 2.4 dB/km

1
Medium Heavy Rain Light Rain
0.15 dB/km
0.1
Drizzle
0.01 5
7 GHz
10
20
38 GHz
50
100
Radio frequency (GHz)

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Rain fading
Effect and what to do
Rain fading will be seen as: Low RF input power to the receiver resulting in Unavailable time (UAT)
deff d
What to do? Lower frequency band Increased system gain (increased fade margin) Larger antennas, increased transmitter output power. Vertical antenna polarization (Shorter hop)
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Multipath Fading
Due to Atmospheric Layers
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Multipath Fading
Due to Atmospheric Layers
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Multipath Fading
Flat fading The loss is uniform across the frequency spectrum Selective fading The loss varies across the frequency spectrum
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Multipath Fading
Frequency Spectrum
Fading free
Flat fading Selective fading
Received power level [dBm]
Center fq
Channel bandwidth (MHz)
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Multipath Fading
Effect and what to do
Multipath fading will be seen as: Bit errors in the transmission. Resulting in Errorred seconds (ES) Severely errorred seconds (SES)
What to do? At flat multipath fading: Increased system gain Larger antennas, Increased transmitter output power. Space or Frequency diversity (Shorter hop)
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What to do? At frequency selective multipath fading: Space or Frequency diversity (Shorter hop)

Agenda
Link budget Line of Sight Fading Frequency planning Frequency plan Sub-band allocation Interfering signals Transmission quality
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Frequency Planning
Channel Spacing
By international regulations microwave radio-link frequency bands are divided into channels with different frequency bandwidths, defined as channel spacing. Wide bandwidth: more information, traffic, can be sent over the path. Narrow bandwidth: more paths can be present in a certain geographical area without disturbing each other, and each path may be longer. Channel spacing 3.5 MHz
7 MHz 3.5 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
28 MHz
Frequency Planning
Channel arrangement example, 15GHz band, ITU-R Rec. F.636
Upper band
1A 3A 5A 3B 2C 28 MHz 7A 4B 3.5 MHz 114A 57B 29C 15D 116A 58B 118A 59B 30C 120A
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14924 MHz 14500 MHz
15343 MHz
1B7 MHz2B 1C
60B
14 MHz 1D
Lower band
1A 3A 5A 3B 2C 28 MHz 7A 4B 1B 7 MHz2B 1C
3.5 MHz
114A 57B 29C
116A 58B
118A 59B 30C
120A
14925 MHz
60B
14 MHz 1D
15D
28
Frequency Planning
Sub-band Allocation
NO
YES
LOW LOW
HIGH
LOW
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Frequency Planning
Sub-band Allocation
LOW
HIGH HIGH
LOW LOW
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Frequency Planning
Interfering signals
V-pol. V-pol. Vertical polarization
H-pol.
Horizon
tal pola r
ization
V-pol
H-pol.
V-pol H-pol H-pol
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Frequency Planning
Interfering signals
GTX
Antenna Gain
GRX
Antenna Gain
Power Level [dBm] PTX Output Power PRX Degraded Threshold Level Nominal Threshold Level Input Power
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Frequency Planning
Interfering signals, effect and what to do
Interfering signals will be seen as: Degraded path performances resulting in ES / SES / UAT despite correct RF input power to the receiver What to do? Change of antenna polarization High Performance antennas Larger antennas / lower transmitter output power Shadow the interfering signal Lower the antenna / Move the site Use another frequency
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Microwave fundamentals
Agenda
Link budget Line of Sight Fading Frequency planning Transmission quality
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Quality targets
Quality and Availability Targets All links are designed to meet a certain transmission quality. Internationally accepted recommendations for transmission quality and how to predict it are published by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). Quality is based on the ratio of errored bits. In microwave radio links it is, besides the distance, fading from rain or the fact that the signal can reach the receiver via different paths in the atmosphere, multipath fading, that commonly limits the performances.
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Basic Microwave Propagation

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Basic Microwave Propagation

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Basic Microwave Propagation

01/038 13 - LZU 113 302 B

MINI-LINK HC Operation & Maintenance