WELCOME

Professor and Head, School of Energy and Environmental Studies, DEVI AHILYA VISHWAVIDYALAYA , Indore (M.P.) -INDIA

Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Sustainable Development

Life And Renewable Energy Sources

Life was come in existence due to the suitable environment created by natural energy sources. The driving forces of life on the earth are Renewable energy sources These sources already exist in nature.

Energy for Development

Energy is central development. to economic

There is a clear correlation between increasing peoples access to convenient, affordable energy and improving their living standards, such as improved education, health and economic conditions.

Sustainable Development
...development, that enables meeting the needs of present generation, without threatening needs of future generations. (Our Common Future, Gro Brundtlant,1987

Face to Problems..
Excessive use of Fossil fuels with growing demand in developed and developing countries. Balance of payment problems to developing and oil importing countries Reliability of fuels supply .uncertain! Fast Environmental degradation. Quality of health of living creatures.

The Energy Challenge



World energy significantly

demand

will

increase

World energy supply is mostly fossilFuel based and will remain so for decades Energy-related worldwide environmental impacts will continue to grow Access uniform to affordable energy is not

Energy Consumption: world scenarios

Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2004, Table A2

Environmental scenarios: Alarming Trends

Sustainable Path..
Synchronization between nature and materialistic developmental rate Synchronization between nature and development of human beings Balance between use of conventional energy sources (Fossil Fuels) and natural sinks

Simple Solutions..
Develop own reliable and sustainable Energy sources Promotion and substitutions Renewable energy sources technologies of and

Energy from Renewable energy (RE) can be particularly appropriate for all countries. Integrate Projects Around Local Needs and Capacity

Simple Solutions..
Interest in renewable energy and energy efficiency has increased recently due to environmental concerns about global warming and air quality. It is widely accepted that the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants from fossil fuels are cause global warming, damage fragile ecosystems, and compromise air quality. Renewable energy and energy efficiency, on the other hand, have low environmental impacts and are sustainable, i.e. the energy resource will never run out.

TechnologyTechnology-based Solutions
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TechnologyTechnology-based Solutions
Energy efficiency (EE) and conservation is also highly relevant to sustainable development objectives of developing countries. Energy efficiency measures help reduce the amount of public funding that is required per capita for electricity generation, thus allowing more people to benefit from limited development funds.

Constraints..
Due to Lack of good polices, High initial cost has been a major inhibitor to the widespread adoption of renewable energy.

Over the past decade, however, there has been a substantial decrease in costs.  Coupled with changes in market forces and improvements in technology, this trend is creating new opportunities for renewable energy.

Energy Sources
1. The sun 2. The motion & gravitational potential of the sun, moon & earth. 3. Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions & radioactive decay in the Earth. 4, Nuclear reactions on the Earth. 5, Chemical reactions from mineral sources.

Renewable energy is derived from sources 1, 2 & 3. Finite energy is derived from sources 1 (fossil fuels), 3 (hot rocks), 4 & 5.

Comparison..

RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION

Solar thermal energy technology Solar photovoltaic energy technology Wind power generation technology Biomass/Waste-to-energy utilization technology Geothermal utilization technology Ocean energy technology

Solar Energy
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Solar Thermal Systems

Solar thermal systems offer as much as 60% of householders annual hot water requirements

Reductions in CO2 emissions can be as much as 1500m3 per annum.

Solar thermal system can deliver hot water to the hot water tank of temperatures up to 70C 70

PHOTOVOLTAICS
Reduces pollution Stabilizes electricity costs Lessens dependence on fossil fuels Increases self-reliance Can size for small, on-site installations Not grid dependent Currently expensive $$$$$

BIOMASS/ORGANIC WASTE
Bio-fuels are sure to be an exciting part of our energy future. Commercially Viable Gasification Systems for Biomass Waste-to-Power and thermal applications Commercially Viable Bio-methanation Systems for Biomass Waste-to-Power Bio-based Products Carbon Sequestration

BIO-ENERGY
Biomass products. feedstock for bioenergy

Any organic material produced by photosynthesis and available on a renewable basis Stored solar energy Crops, crop residues, wood products and residues, animal and municipal wastes and aquatic plants

9.0 Conclusions
Need of Comprehensive approach to sustainable design, construction and operations required urgently to mitigate environmental impact, rising energy demand and cost

Contd

FUELS AND PRODUCTS

Ethanol, bio-diesel Methane capture and conversion to electricity Biomass feedstock for power generation Bio-based products plastics, lubricants, urethane foam, solvents, resins, thickeners, etc.

ETHANOL
Converting starch content of biomass into alcohol Most existing operations use corn as feedstock due to oversupply beneficial byproducts 3,500 uses Emerging developments in new biocatalysts make it possible to use any plant or plant product cellulosic ethanol Significant reductions in enzyme costs to convert cellulosic biomass into sugars.

BIO-DIESEL


 

Can be derived from soybean oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, tallow, waste grease from restaurants, etc. Requires no engine modification; Cuts exhaust emissions; minimizes black smoke, odor, greenhouses gases, air toxics and particulates. No sulfur dioxide (acid rain) Excellent lubricant

METHANE CONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY

Anaerobic digestion of animal waste or biomass produces methane to operate a generator to produce electricity. Potential to produce enough electricity to power all farm and home operations plus selling excess power to local utility. Odor control. Methane is 21 times more potent than CO2. Methane credits ?

IMPORTANCE
Clean,

domestic, renewable fuels, chemicals and power produced by biomass Expand sustainable energy use in power production, transportation and manufacturing processes Near-zero net greenhouse gas emissions Improves energy security and balance of payments- less dependence on foreign fossil fuel Healthier, more diversified rural economies Improved environmental quality

TRENDS IN PRICES

NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)

RESEARCH REQUIRED: BIOMASS GENERATION &

SYSTEMS
Energy

Plantation in Barren and waste lands Utilization of Agricultural , forestry residual waste/Municipal solid waste Advanced agriculture (energy crops) enabled Advanced agriculture (energy crops) enabled by plant genomics and bio-science by plant genomics and bioscience Efficient conversion technologies and system designs

RESEARCH FOCUS

IN

TRANSPORTATION

Hybrid Engine Technology Alcohol/Bio-diesel Based Engine Development Of Light Weight Battery Conversion To Fuel Cell Based Technology More Efficient/Comfortable Cabin Environment

Wind Energy

Low Gestation eriod

Green Energy Clean Energy.  No emission of hazardous waste.  No consumption of fossil fuels.  Least expensive form of renewable energy.  Low operating cost.


WORLDWIDE GROWTH IN WIND ENERGY

70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Rest of the World India Denmark USA Spain Germany

Wind ower: Trends

Costs 900/kW on land ( 350/m2) kWh costs: 5 to 7 ct/kWh (6 to 9 offshore) Finding good sites more difficult, approval procedures slow in some countries Need to move near-shore and offshore Average turbine capacity: 1 to 2 MW on land and 3 to 5 MW offshore

TRENDS IN PRICES

NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)

RESEARCH REQUIRED: WIND TURBINES &

SYSTEMS

Development Of Low Wind Speed Turbines Use Of Advanced Power Electronics New Materials For Better Aerodynamic Blades Installation Technology Of Wind Machines In Oceans

Geothermal Energy
The Earths core, 4,000 miles below the surface, can reach temperatures of 9000 F. Direct-use applications require geothermal temperatures between about 70 to 302Flower than those required for electricity generation

TRENDS IN PRICES

NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)

Oceanic Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Tidal Energy Wave Energy

Potential
Potential as significant power supply (1 TW) Intermittence problems mitigated by integration with general energy supply system Many different alternative designs Complimentary to other renewable and conventional energy technologies

World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW)

Source Tides Waves Currents OTEC1 Salinity World electric2 World hydro
gradients of 1998

Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2,7003 5,000 200,000 1,000,000 4,000

3

Practical (est) 20 GW 500 50 40 NPA4 2,800 550

Not presently available

1 Temperature 2 As

Along coastlines

Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005