HVAC Basics

The Basics of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

Presented by: Terry Budd, PE, LEED AP Lee S. Good Engineering

Energy Use

Office Buildings

Mechanical System Costs

Mechanical System Costs (Provide & Install)
25 20 Dollars ($) 15 10 5 0
RTU-Gas/Air Cooled RTU-Heat Pumps VAV-Elec Heat Multi Zone RTU VAV-Hot Wtr Heat WSHP-HP, Boiler, Chiller, Cooling Tow er DOAS w / 4Pipe Fan Coil Variable Refrigerant Volume

19 10.5 8 12 14 14.5 14.5

20

First Cost - Water cooled chillers beat Air cooled chillers at about 200 Tons (80,000 SF) SEL HQ VAV-$10.5/SF, FP-$1.9/SF, Plumb-$3.4/SF 90,000 SF CWC $12.5/SF WSHP & $3.5/SF Plumb 90,000 SF

HVAC Rules of Thumb

Air - 1 CFM/SF Cooling (office) 300/400 SF/Ton Cooling (office) 400 CFM/Ton Heating 25-35 btuh/sf floor area Outside Air 20 CFM/person Toilet/Jan Closet 10 air changes/hour

HVAC Equipment/SF
Mechanical Room (Boilers/Chillers/Pumps/Misc) =


GU College Hall = 2000 SF/186,000 = 1.1%

Mechanical Room (Boilers/Pumps/Misc) =

 

RTF (tight) 300 SF/28,000 SF = 1.1% Colbert Elementary 312 SF/ 40,000 SF = 0.8%

RTU (Gas/Electric/VAV) =


SEL Office (35 x12 (2))/95,000 SF

Building Envelope

Load Calculations
Heating and Cooling Accuracy important! Design conditions Building shell load R, U value Internal load Ventilation load Infiltration Occupancy schedules

Heat Transfer
Conduction Convection Radiation Resistance (R-Value) U=1/R Q = U x A x (T
t m U l t fl is t t i t / ft si is f

Actual R-Values

Window Types

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

u f l r heat energ all wed to pass through a window

The Example:

HGC = 0.40 Allows 40% through and turns 60% away

Window Properties

Energy Calculations in the Spokane region show that reflective, and tinted windows increase energy usage on an annual basis.

Energy Saving Design Methods

Air Side Economizers Water Side Economizers Variable Frequency Drives Building Diversity Part Load Performance Thermal Storage Heat/Energy Recovery

HVAC SYSTEMS
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Provides comfort for people Allows humans to exist under adverse conditions.

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

System Types
Packaged Rooftop Unit Split System Air to Air Heat Pump Water Source Heat Pump Geothermal VAV Variable Air Volume Under Floor Air Distribution (UFAD) Air to Air Hydronic (water) PTAC / PTHP

Packaged Rooftop Units (RTU)

Split System

Heat Pump (Air to Air)

Operate on simple refrigeration cycle Reversing the cycle provides heating Temperature limitations Air to air Water source Geothermal Lake coupled

Water Source Heat Pump

Geothermal Heat Pump Systems

(VAV) Variable Air Volume

VAV Terminal Units

Variable volume: Parallel Constant volume: Series

Under Floor Air Distribution (UFAD)

Advantages
  

Individual Controllability Re-Configurability 2 Extra LEED Points More Expensive ($8/SF for raised floor) Flexible for Change 2 Extra LEED Points

Disadvantages
  

Inland Power & Light



First UFAD in area

Hydronic systems
Four Pipe Fan Coil VAV w/ HW Reheat

Hydronic System Major Equipment

Chillers Boilers Cooling Towers

Chilled Water System

Economizers

Air Side

Water Side

Economizers
Free cooling source: When available, use cool outdoor air instead of mechanically cooled air.
Minimum supply of outside air 55 oF 55 oF and up 85% outside air 85% exhaust 80 oF

80

oF

Normal Operation Outside air dampers are positioned to provide the minimum outside air

Economizer Operation Outside air dampers are fully open. Maximum outside air is provided
HVAC-29

Enthalpy Wheels

Air Distribution
Grilles, Registers
 

Many options GU Russell Theatre Return Grille Extra cost for plenum rated cable is less than cost of return ductwork No Combustables

Return Plenum


Outside Air Louvers

O tsi i L v s vi i i il i ll t s i t, ll i i . Provide clean outdoor air, avoid:
    

loading docks exhaust vents plumbing stacks waste collection stagnant water

Metal Ducts
Square Ductwork
 

Most common Low height Less Expensive Easy to Install Lower static pressure Taller than Rectangular Higher pressure Less Sound Same advantages of round Height similar to rectangular More expensive than rectangular

Round Ductwork
     

Oval Ductwork
  

Fabric Ducts
Great for certain applications
   

Gyms Pools Manufacturing Spokane Science Museum Great Diffusion Easily Cleaned Fun Same cost as metal

Advantages
   

Sav $3 , i c st at i l. L sc c ill at t m , & ai t m at s

Additional Equipment
Heat Exchangers Humidifiers Silencers

Kitchen Hoods
Type 1: Hoods designed for grease exhaust applications Type 2: Hoods designed for heat and steam removal and other non grease applications. (NFPA 96 does not cover) Where are Type 1 Commercial Hoods Required?


 

18 inches to combustible material 3 inches to limited-combustible material 0 inches to noncombustible material

Type 1 Hood Clearances

NFPA 96 Cooking equipment used in processes producing smoke and grease-laden vapors shall be equipped with NPFA 96-A-1-1 intended to include residential cooking equipment where used for purposes other than residential family use

A staurant it a c mm rcial as range is ner t e represented y t e resteaurant at used ny f r t e preparati n f s ups. type d is required? d is f r collection and removal of Type grease laden vapors,and smoke. Type II ood is for removal of steam, odors, and vapors. It ould e ard pressed to find a restaurant t at only produces soups, it ere t at commercial range. Hoods: required, installed at or above all commercial type deep fat fryers, broilers, fry grills, steam jacketed kettles, ot top ranges, ovens, barbeques, rotisseries, dis as ing machines, and similar equipment that produces comparable amounts of steam, smoke, grease, or heat in a food processing establishment. ood processing establishment shall include any building or portion used for the processing of food. Soup is a liquid food made up of simmering vegetables, seasonings, and often meat or fish. It is the potential of the equipment (Commercial gas range), rather than the utilization, that must be evaluated. So, hat type of hood ould be required for that commercial gas range in a restaurant ould honestly be open for discussion. You ill probably have some input from your local ire Dept. through plan check as ith the County Health dept. Requirements. I know of one City close to us that when a pizza parlor opens, no matter what, they require a type hood. Depending on the type of pizza oven, we have allowed a type II.

Kitchen Hood Types

Exhaust Hood w/ Supply Air Supplied by Space Exhaust Hood w/Supply Air on Outside of Hood Exhaust Hood w/Supply Air on Inside of Hood Vapor Hoods


Simple hoods designed to remove minimal heat, and high vapor.

Comfort
Comfort is primary intent of HVAC systems. Productivity Building Durability Health

MOLD

ASHRAE Comfort Zone

Psychrometrics
Dry bulb temp. Wet bulb temp. Humidity Dew point Moisture content Heating Cooling Humidify De-Humidify

Historical Minimum Ventilation Rates (cfm/person)

70
Smoking 62-89

60 50 40 30 Nightengale 1865 20 10 1836 0

18 35 18 42 18 49 18 56 18 63 18 70 18 77 18 84 18 91 18 98 19 05 19 12 19 19 19 26 19 33 19 40 19 47 19 54 19 61 19 68 19 75 19 82 19 89 19 96

Billings 1895

Flugge 1905 Smoking 62-81 ASHRAE 62-89

Tredgold

Yaglou 1938

ASHRAE 62-73

ASHRAE 62-81

Improved Ventilation Effectiveness

Mechanically provide filtered and dehumidified outdoor air to the breathing space Vary ventilation based on the number of occupants and process loads - changes in occupancy can be measured by CO2 sensors Consider designs that separate ventilation and space conditioning Utilize heat recovery systems to reduce system size and ventilation energy costs

Improved Ventilation Effectiveness

Effective mixing of ventilation air within space Net positive pressure in the southeast; exhaust from appropriate spaces Provide clean outdoor air, avoid:
    

loading docks exhaust vents plumbing stacks waste collection stagnant water

Acoustics

Octave Band

Directivity Factor

LEED Products
LEED-NC New Construction & Major Renovations LEED-EB Existing Buildings LEED-CI Commercial Interiors LEED-CS Core & Shell LEED-H Houses LEED-ND Neighborhood Developments LEED-Schools: K-12 Schools LEED-Retail: Retail facilities- In pilot stage LEED-Healthcare: Healthcare facilities- In pilot stage

LEED Checklist

http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/summit/documents/LEED-Spataro.pdf

http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/summit/documents/LEED-Spataro.pdf

THANK YOU!

Additional Information / Resources

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