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Table of Content
1 WAN technologies overview 2 WAN technologies 3 WAN design
WAN technology
A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope of a LAN A company or organization must subscribe to an outside WAN service provider in order to use WAN carrier network services
The physical layer protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical, operational, and functional connections to the services provided by a communications service provider.
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Datalink Layer
The data link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites, and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames.
Frame Relay: Transmit data very rapidly compared to the other WAN protocols. PPP: Described by RFC 1661, PPP was developed by the IETF. ISDN: Digital services that transmits voice and data over existing phone lines. HDLC: An ISO standard, HDLC might not be compatible between different vendors.
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WAN encapsulation
Flag Header Data FCS Flag
WAN TECHNOLOGIES
Analog dialup
ISDN
Leased line
CSU/DSU
CSU/DSU
Frame Relay
PVC
CSU/DSU CSU/DSU
DSL
Service Download ADSL SDSL HDSL IDSL RADSL CDSL
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Cable modem
Enhanced cable modems enable two-way, high-speed data transmissions using the same coaxial lines that transmit cable television A cable modem is capable of delivering up to 30 to 40 Mbps of data on one 6 MHz cable channel
POINTTO-POINT
Table of Content
1 Serial Point-to-point links 2 PPP Authentication 3 PPP configuration
Transmission system
Physical medium
Transmission system
WAN technologies are based on serial transmission at the physical layer The signaling methods include Nonreturn to Zero Level (NRZ-L), High Density Binary 3, (HDB3), and Alternative Mark Inversion (AMI).
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Time-division Multiplexing
DTE-DCE
The DCE, commonly a modem or CSU/DSU, is the device used to convert the user data from the DTE into a form acceptable to the WAN service provider transmission link. The DTE-DCE interface for a particular standard defines the following specifications:
Mechanical/physical Number of pins and connector type Electrical Defines voltage levels for 0 and 1 Functional Specifies the functions that are performed by assigning meanings to each of the signaling lines in Procedural Specifies the sequence of events for transmitting data
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DTE-DCE (cont.)
The synchronous serial port on a router is configured as DTE or DCE depending on the attached cable The router end of the shielded serial transition cable may be a DB-60 connector The serial end of the smart serial cable is a 26-pin connector significantly more compact than the DB-60 connector.
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HDLC Encapsulation
HDLC uses synchronous serial transmission providing error-free communication between two points. HDLC defines a Layer 2 framing structure that allows for flow control and error control using acknowledgments and a windowing scheme. Each frame has the same format, whether it is a data frame or a control frame Standard HDLC does not inherently support multiple protocols on a single link The Cisco HDLC frame allows multiple network layer protocols to share the same serial link
Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
Enables HDLC encapsulation Uses the default encapsulation on synchronous serial interfaces
PPP AUTHENTICATION
PPP can carry packets from several protocol suites using NCP. PPP controls the setup of several link options using LCP.
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Asynchronous serial Synchronous serial High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
For every network layer protocol used, a separate Network Control Protocol (NCP) is provided.
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Link-establishment frames are used to establish and configure a link. Link-termination frames are used to terminate a link. Link-maintenance frames are used to manage and debug a link.
If a configuration option is not included in an LCP packet, the default value for that configuration option is assumed This phase is complete when a configuration acknowledgment frame has been sent and received.
Hash values, not actual passwords, are sent across link. The local router or external server is in control of attempts.
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Random
ID
01
ID
02
CONFIGURING PPP
Configuring PPP
Enable PPP
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Enter the following to monitor the data dropped on the link, and avoid frame looping:
Router(config-if)#ppp quality percentage
FRAME RELAY
Content
Frame Relay Technology LMI: Ciscos Implementation of FR LMI Features Frame Relay Sub-Interfaces Configuration of Basic Frame Relay
Introduction
Frame Relay is a Consultative Committee for CCITT and ANSI standard. Defines a process for sending data over a public data network (PDN). A way of sending information over a WAN by dividing data into packets. It operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. It relies on upper-layer protocols such as TCP for error correction. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits to make connections.
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Access rate Local management interface (LMI) Committed information rate (CIR) Committed burst (Bc) Committed rate measurement interval (Tc) Excess burst (Be) Forward explicit congestion noti. (FECN) Backward explicit congestion noti.(BECN) Discard eligibility (DE) indicator
The clock speed of the connection (local loop) to the Frame Relay cloud. It is the rate at which data travels into or out of the network
Terminologies: DLCI
Data-link connection identifier. A number that identifies the end point in a Frame Relay network. Significance only to the local network. The Frame Relay switch maps the DLCIs between a pair of routers to create a permanent virtual circuit.
Terminologies: LMI
Local management interface. A signaling standard between the CPE device and the Frame Relay switch Responsible for managing the connection and maintaining status btw the devices.
Terminologies: CIR
Committed information rate. The CIR is the guaranteed rate, that the service provider commits to providing.
Terminologies: Bc
Committed Burst The maximum number of bits that the switch agrees to transfer during a interval.
Terminologies: Tc
Committed Rate Measurement Interval. The time interval shouldnt exceed 125 ms, almost always 125 ms
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The maximum number of uncommitted bits that the switch attempts to transfer beyond the CIR. Dependent on the service offerings available by the vendor, but is typically limited to the port speed of the local access loop.
Terminologies: FECN
Forward explicit congestion notification. When a switch recognizes congestion in the network, it sends a FECN packet to the destination device.
Terminologies: BECN
Backward explicit congestion notification. When a switch recognizes congestion in the network, it sends a BECN packet to the source router, instructing the router to reduce the rate at which it is sending packets.
Terminologies: DE
Discard eligibility indicator. A set bit that indicates the frame may be discarded in preference to other frames if congestion occurs The DE bit is set on the oversubscribed traffic.
DLCI: Indicates the DLCI value. Consists of the first 10 bits of the Address field. Congestion Control: The last 3 bits in the address field. These are the FECN, BECN, and discard eligible (DE) bits.
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LMI functions
To determine the operational status of the various PVCs that the router knows about To transmit keepalive packets to ensure that the PVC stays up and does not shut down due to inactivity To tell the router what PVCs are available Three LMI types can be invoked by the router: ansi, cisco, and q933a
LMI operation
In addition to the basic Frame Relay protocol functions for transferring data, the Frame Relay specification includes LMI extensions that make supporting large, complex internetworks easier.
Virtual circuit status messages Multicasting Global addressing Simple flow control
LMI FEATURES
Inverse ARP
The Inverse ARP mechanism allows the router to automatically build the Frame Relay map.
1. The router learns the DLCIs that are in use from the switch during the initial LMI exchange. 2. The router then sends an Inverse ARP request to each DLCI for each protocol configured on the interface. 3. The return information from the Inverse ARP is then used to build the Frame Relay map.
The Frame Relay switching table consists of four entries: two for incoming port and DLCI, and two for outgoing port and DLCI. The DLCI could, therefore, be remapped as it passes through each switch; the fact that the port reference can be changed is why the DLCI does not change even though the port reference might change.
Subinterfaces are logical subdivisions of a physical interface. In a subinterface configuration, each PVC can be configured as a point-to-point connection, which allows the subinterface to act as a dedicated line. By using multiple virtual subinterfaces, the overall cost of implementing a Frame Relay network can be reduced.
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FR without subinterface
FR with subinterface
Subinterface
Split horizon reduces routing loops by not allowing a routing update received on one physical interface to be sent back out that same interface. As a result, if a remote router sends an update to the headquarters router that is connecting multiple PVCs over a single physical interface, the headquarters router cannot advertise that route through the same physical interface to other remote routers.
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A single subinterface is used to establish one PVC connection to another physical interface or subinterface on a remote router. Each point-to-point connection is its own subnet. In this environment, broadcasts are not a problem because the routers are pointto-point and act like a leased line.
A single subinterface is used to establish multiple PVC connections to multiple physical interfaces or subinterfaces on remote routers. All the participating interfaces would be in the same subnet, and each interface would have its own local DLCI. Because the subinterface is acting like a regular Frame Relay network, routing updates are subject to split horizon.
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The LMI notifies the router about the available DLCIs. Inverse ARP is enabled by default, so it does not appear in configuration output.
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Configure interface
FRSW(conf-if)#Encapsulation frame-relay FRSW(conf-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce|dte FRSW(conf-if)#clock rate 56000 FRSW(conf-if)#frame-relay lmi-type cisco|ansi| q933a
Configuration subinterfaces
Configuring Subinterfaces
Point-to-point
Subinterfaces act like leased lines. Each point-to-point subinterface requires its own subnet. Point-to-point is applicable to hub and spoke topologies.
Multipoint
Subinterfaces act like NBMA networks, so they do not resolve the split-horizon issues. Multipoint can save address space because it uses a single subnet. Multipoint is applicable to partial mesh and full mesh topologies.
# interface serial 0 # encapsulation frame-relay LMI type is automatically sensed # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
# router igrp 1 DLCI is learned via LMI status messages # network 1.0.0.0 Inverse ARP # network 9.0.0.0 is enable (by default)
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DLCI 41
FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8
DLCI 42
# interface serial 0 # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 # encapsulation frame-relay ietf # frame-relay lmi-type ansi
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DLCI 41
FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8
DLCI 42
# interface serial 0 # encapsulation frame-relay # frame-relay lmi-type ansi # interface serial 0.1 point-to-point # frame-relay interface-dlci 41 # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
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DLCI 41 DLCI 43
FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8
DLCI 42 DLCI 44
3.0.0.0/8 Intel
# interface serial 0 # encapsulation frame-relay # interface serial 0.1 multipoint # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 # frame-relay interface-dlci 41 # frame-relay interface-dlci 43 ietf
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DLCI 41 DLCI 43
FR Cloud 9.0.0.0/8
DLCI 42 DLCI 44
3.0.0.0/8 Intel
# interface serial 0.1 multipoint # ip address 9.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 # frame-relay interface-dlci 41 # frame-relay interface-dlci 43 ietf # frame-relay map ip 9.0.0.2 41 broadcast # frame-relay map ip 9.0.0.3 43 broadcast
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Q&A