Project Guide Mrs P Lakshmi Supriya Asst.

Professor Dept of EEE

by S V Sashi Kiran(07261A0244) K Aditya (07261A0218) Mohit Bhandula (07261A0233)

An emergency back-up or a parallel supply of electrical energy. Use of renewable sources of energy. Primarily focused on supply for group of houses (apartments).

Minimal maintenance when compared to conventional back up units.

Large amount of initial investment. Maintenance required. Environmental pollution.

Fig. 1

The power from the sun intercepted by the earth is approximately 1.8x10^11 MW Environmentally clean source of energy. Available in adequate quantities all over the world. Applications: -Water Heating -power generation -Space cooling and generation -Distillation -Drying -Cooking

Single crystal silicon are thin wafers about 0.0003 m in thickness, sliced from a single crystal p-type doped silicon. A shallow junction is formed at one end by diffusion of the n-type impurity. Metal electrode made from a Ti-Ag solder are attached to the front and back of the cell. On the front side the electrode is in the form of a metal grid with fingers which permit the sunlight to go through.

Coating of SiO having thickness of about 0.1 micro meter is put on the top surface. A typical cell develops a voltage of 0.5 to 1 v and a current density of 20-40 micro amperes/cm square. To obtain higher voltages and currents individual cells are kept side by side and connected in series or parallel to form a module.

Fig. 2

Two important steps involved in working: - Creation of pairs of positive and negative charges. - Separation of positive and negative charges. For the first step to occur, the material of the cell should be able to absorb the energy associated with the photons of the sunlight. The electrons occupy one of two energy bands.

The difference between the energy levels of the electrons in he two bands called band gap energy. Photons having energy greater than Eg are absorbed in the cell material and excite some of the electrons. The electrons in the conduction band and the holes in the valence band are mobile. They can be separated and made to flow through an external circuit

Voc

Vm

Voltage V

Current I

Im

Isc Fig. 3

Wind turbines rotate with wind flow Coupled to a generator through few mechanical components Sensors to sense the wind direction 1% of daily wind energy=present annual world total energy consumption

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Maximum utilization of energy Is achieved by use of pitch motors Angle varies from (0-90) degrees Practical pitching is 20 degrees

Mechanism of rotation of nacelle Wind opposition damages the rotor(fatigue loading) Yaw drives activated by electronic controller

Fig. 7

HAWT

VAWT

Fig. 8 Fig. 9

Vibration sensor Yaw sensor Twist stop sensor Anemometer Wind vane

Fig. 10

High annual average speed Availability of anemometer data(history) Wind curves Altitude Terrain and aerodynamic Local ecology Metmast

Horizontal axis 2 sets of rotors to double the voltage Curtain rod as shaft with dual ball bearings Gear box Bicycle dynamo/PMDC Expected voltage: 3volts Voltage scaling up (if necessary) 78 series IC

Aninverteris an electrical device that convertsdirect current(DC) toalternating current(AC). Types of inverters I) Series Inverter. ii) Parallel Inverter. iii) Voltage Source Inverter. iv) Current Source Inverter.

Two parts of the circuit

Triggering circuit Power circuit

Astable multivibrator- IC CD 4047 Resistors and capacitors Diodes Transistors Transformers

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Scaling of voltage

Fig. 13

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