TELECOMM.

-TRANSMISSION
WEEK-6 LEC-09

TE-TX-SP-08

Seema Ansari

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION RATES OF THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM :

When Analog signals are transmitted digitally, the bitrate depends on the rate at which the analog signal is sampled and the coding scheme. According to the sampling theorem, an analog signal can be accurately transmitted if sampled at a rate of atleast twice the highest frequency contained in that signal.
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DIGITAL TRANSMISSION RATES

y For this reason the standard 4-Khz telephone channel is sampled 8000 times (2x4k=8k) a second. y The coding procedure uses 8 bits to describe the amplitude of each sample so that a total of y ( 8000x8=64kbps) 64 kbps are transmitted for a single telephone message.
TE-TX-SP-08 Seema Ansari 3

The hierarchy for the Asynchronous Digital telephone Network

By using Multiplexing / De-Multiplexing several messages can be transmitted at a higher bitrate. The hierarchy for the Asynchronous Digital telephone Network used in the United States is shown in the Table on the next slide. Shown are the information rates, their designation, and the no. of Voice Channels. For example the basic block is the T1 (Transmission at level-1) system. It carries 24 Voice messages.
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ASYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TELEPHONE HIERARCHY

No. of Voice Transmission Signaling Channels Designation Designation Datarate

1 24 48 (2T1) 96 (4 T1 ) 672 (7T2) 1344 (2T3)

4032 (6T3) 6048 (9 T3)
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8064 (12T3)

T1 DS-1 T1 C DS-1 C T2 DS-2 T3 DS-3 T3 C DS-3C T4 DS-4 ----Seema Ansari -----

64kbps 1.544 Mbps 3.152Mbps 6.312 Mbps 44.736 Mbps 91.053 Mbps
274.175 Mbps 405 Mbps 565 Mbps
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ASYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TELEPHONE HIERARCHY

y When the digital signaling is used, the designation DS-1 (Digital Signal at level-1) is appropriate. y The T2 level is formed by combining 4T1 so that 4(24)=96 messages can be carried. y Fiber capabilities are so great that systems with even greater capacities can be constructed. y For example Systems have been designed with individual fiber line rates of 1.2, 1.7, and 2.3Gbps. y Multigigabit line rates (tens of thousands of Voice channels) can be achieved using fibers.
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SONET Synchronous Optical network.

y A newer Transmission standard intended for world-wide use is SONET. y SONET stands for Synchronous Optical network. y The basic SONET Transmission rate is OC-1 (Optical Carrier at level-1) at 51.8 Mbps. y The electrical equivalent is STS-1 (Synchronous transport Signal at level-1).
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SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK ( SONET ):

SONET specifies how to deliver Voice, data, and Video over WAN connections at speeds in excess of 2 Gbps.

It is a physical layer standard that defines the transfer of data over fiber Optic media. SONET links are rated in what are called Optical carrier levels (OC). The base OC-1 is rated at 51.84 Mbps. Each Additional OC level is calculated by taking the level and multiplying it by the OC-1 speed. E.g. an OC-3 would be 3x51.84 Mbps, for a speed of 155.52 Mbps. TE-TX-SP-08 Seema Ansari

SONET
SONET is considered to be the underlying architecture for most ATM implementations at telephone companies.

TE-TX-SP-08

Seema Ansari

Higher level SONET rates are shown in table below:

TRANSMISSION (ELECTRICAL) DESIGNATION (OPTICAL) DATA RATE (Mbps)

STS-1 STS-3 C STS-12 STS-24 STS-48

OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-24 OC-48

51.84 155.52 622.08 1244.16 2488.28

y STS-1: Synchronous transport signal at level-1 y OC-1: (Optical Carrier at level-1)

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WAN TECHNOLOGY
TOPICS: y SDH & SONET STANDARDS FOR HIGH SPEED DIGITAL NETWORKS. y ISDN; BISDN -----------------------------------------------------

TE-TX-SP-08

Seema Ansari

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SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH):

y SDH was developed initially by Bellcore in the United States under the title of SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK (SONET).

TE-TX-SP-08

Seema Ansari

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SDH
y The Basic Transmission rate defined in the SDH is 155.52 Mbps-abbreviated to 155 Mbps- and is known as Synchronous Transport Module level-1 signal or simply STM-1. Higher rates of STM-4 (622 Mbps) and STM-16 (2.4 Gbps) are also defined. y In the SONET hierarchy the term synchronous transport signal (STS) or sometimes Optical Signal OC is used to define the equivalent of an STM Signal.

TE-TX-SP-08

Seema Ansari

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SDH
yIn SONET the lower rate of 51.84 Mbps forms the first level signalSTS-1 / OC-1 Signal. yAn STM-1 signal is produced by Multiplexing three such signals together and hence is equivalent to an STS-3/OC-3 signal.
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SDH
SONET (Mbps)
STS-1 / OC-1 STS-3 / OC-3 STS-9 / OC-9 STS-12 / OC-12 STS-18 / OC-18 STS-24 / OC-24 STS-36 / OC-36 STS-48 / OC-48 STM-1 STM-4 51.84 155.52 466.56 622.08 933.12 1244.16 1866.24 2488.32

SDH

BITRATE

STM-16

E.g. STM-16-16 STM-1(MUXED) or 4 STM-4 MUXED Signals.

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TE-TX-SP-08

SDH---WHY?
y The demand for high bitrate leased Circuits is expanding rapidly as new bitrate networks are introduced. y To meet these needs, SDH was introduced. Most leased circuits that require higher order Multiplex rates are now derived from SDH circuits.
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SONET FRAME FORMAT:

The frame Format of an STS-1 Signal is shown below.
y Each frame consist of 9 rows of 90 bytes each. y The first three bytes of each row are allocated to transport overhead with the balance available for path overhead and payload mapping. y The Transport overhead is itself composed of section overhead and line overhead. y Path over head is contained with in the information payload.Ansari TE-TX-SP-08 Seema

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STS-1 FRAME FORMAT

90 Octets
3- Octets

Transport Overhead
3-Octets SO 6-Octets LO

87 Octets (SPE)

Path Overhead(1-Octet) SPE : Synchronous payload environment SO: Section Overhead

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LO: Line Overhead

STS-1 FRAME FORMAT

y 9 rows of Information payload is also called Envelope Capacity. y STS-1 rate = Overhead + Information envelope rate y STS-1 rate = 9 (3) (8) (8000) + 9 (87) (8) (8000) = 51. 840 Mbps

TE-TX-SP-08

Seema Ansari

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