4.

0 : File Management

Learning Outcomes
4.0 Understand File Management in Operating System 4.1 Describe three type of file structure / directory structure a. Single - Level Directory b. Two level directory c. Tree structured directory 4.2 Various method of storing files a. Contiguous allocation b. Link list allocation (disk blocks) c. Link list allocation using index (table in main memory)

File Management
Is software responsible for creating, deleting, modifying and controlling access to files(as well as for managing the resources used by files)

Primary Activities Perform in File Management

Keep track of where each file is stored in computer system FM keep track of its files using directories that contain fail name, physical location and other important information about each file Use a policy that will determine where and how the files will be stored, making sure to efficiently use the available storage space and provide efficient access to the files Allocate each file when a user has been cleared for access to it, then record its use Deallocate the file when the file is to be returned to storage, and communicate its availability to others who may be waiting for it.

Primary Functions perform by File System

1) Access method 2) Directory Structure 3) File Sharing 4) Protection

File System(1)Access Method

File is used to stored information
When it used, this information must be accessed and read into computer memory. Information in the file can be accessed in several way :
(i) Capaian secara berjujukan/Sequential access (ii) Capaian secara terus/Direct @ Random Access

Access Method(i)Sequential Access

Refer to reading or writing data consecutively (one after the other). Example : Music tape
You must forward or rewind the tape to a specific piece of data. To access item W requires passing through points A through V sequantially

Access Method (ii)Direct Access

Also called random access Means that the device can locate a particular data item or file immediately, without having to move consecutively through item stored in front of the desired data item or file Example: Floppy disk, Zip disk, hard disk, CDs and DVDs When writing or reading specific data, direct access is much faster than sequential access.

File System(2)Directory Structure

Directory records information such as name, location, size and type for all file on that partition. Directory = files containing the names & locations of other files in the file system but it doesn t store user data Operation performed on a directory : Create a file, delete a file, list directory, rename file, traverse the file system Eg: (i) Single-level directory (ii) Two-level directory (iii)Tree-structured directory

Directory Structure (i) Single- Level Directory (i Single-

A single directory for all users

Naming problem

Directory Structure (ii) Two Level Directory

Separate directory for each user

 Path name  Can have the same file name for different user  Efficient searching  No grouping capability
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Directory Structure(iii) Structure(iii)Tree-Structured Directory

Efficient searching Grouping Capability

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File System (3) File Sharing

Sharing of files on multi-user systems is desirable User oriented O/S must accommodate the need to share file for facing difficulties. Sharing may be done through a protection scheme On distributed systems, files may be shared across a network FTP transfer file between machine Network File System (NFS) is a common distributed file-sharing method NFS is standard UNIX client-server file sharing protocol

File System (4) Protection

When information is kept in a computer system : want to keep information safe from physical damage and improper access . Protection can be provided in many way Eg: 1. Small single-user system might provide protection by physically removing the floppy disk and locking them in a desk drawer or file cabinet Eg: 2. In multiuser system, others mechanisms are needed.

Method of Storing File

Many files will be stored on the same disk The main issue is how to allocate space to these file so that file disk space is utilized effectively and file can be accessed quickly 3 allocation methods :
(i) Contiguous Allocation
Best fit allocation = The allocation policy that always allocates from the smallest suitable free block. Suitable allocation mechanisms include sequential fit searching for a perfect fit, first fit on a size-ordered free block chain, segregated fits, and indexed fits. First fit = a sequential fit allocation mechanism. First fit simply searches the free list from the beginning, and uses the first free block large enough to satisfy the request. If the block is larger than necessary, it is split and the remainder is put on the free list.

(ii) Link List Noncontiguous Allocation (iii)Link List Using Index/Index node Allocation

Method of Storing File : (i) Contiguous Allocation

This scheme used in early systems. Allocation using first fit/ best fit A need for compaction It is very simple to manage and implement. Any record can be found and read once its starting address and size are known. Advantage is its ease of direct access because every part of the file is stored in the same compact area.

Method of Storing File : (i) Contiguous Allocation cont

Advantages Simple only starting location (block #) and length (number of blocks) are required Advantage is its ease of direct access because every part of the file is stored in the same compact area.

Method of Storing File : (i) Contiguous Allocation cont

Disadvantages Difficulty in finding space for a new file Wasteful of space Suffer from the problem of external fragmentation Size declaration problem
2 possibilities; if allocated too little space to file may file cannot be extended User normally overestimate the amount of space needed occur wasted space

Method of Storing File : (i) Contiguous Allocation cont

Method of Storing File : (ii) Link- List Noncontigous Allocation

Simple need only starting address Free-space management system implemented no waste of space Free space management system: keep track free disk
space called free-space list and record all free disk block

Each file consists of a list of disk blocks that linked : the disk block may be scattered anywhere on the disk The directory contains a pointer to the first and last block of the file Each block contains pointer to the next block .

Method of Storing File : (ii) Link- List Noncontigous Allocation cont Advantages Solves problem of contiguous allocation,
No external fragmentation Size declaration problem (the size of a file does not need to be declared when the file is created) Simply to create a new file by implementation of free- space management system

Method of Storing File : (ii) Link- List Noncontigous Allocation cont

Disadvantages Space is required for the pointer. (Eg: If pointer requires 4bytes out of 512-byte block, so 0.78% is being used for pointer rather than infomation) Cannot support efficient direct access because the pointer to block are scattered anywhere on the disk(Eg: To find ith block of a file, we must start at the beginning of the file and follow the pointers until we get to the ith block)

Method of Storing File : (ii) Link- List Noncontigous Allocation cont

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25

1 A file of 5 blocks might start at block 9, continue at block 16, then block 1, block 10 and finally block 25.

Method of Storing File : (iii) Link List Using Index/Index Node Allocation

Bringing all pointers together into one location Each file has its own index block

Method of Storing File : (iii) Link List Using Index/Index Node Allocation cont

Advantages Solves the Link List Allocation problem:

Cannot support efficient direct access because the pointer to block are scattered anywhere on the disk Solution : by bringing all pointer together into one location (index block)

Method of Storing File : (iii) Link List Using Index/Index Node Allocation cont

Free Space Management System

Free space management system: keep track free disk space. The system maintain a free space list. The free space list records all free disk block(those not allocated to some file or directory) To create a file, we search a free space list for required amount of space and allocate that space to the new file. If space is allocated, it will removed from free- space list. When a file is deleted, its disk space is added to the free space list. Free space allocation method influence:
Efficiency of use of disk space Performance of file system Reliability of secondary storage

Free Space Management System

Free space list is implemented as bit map or bit vector If block is free it represent in bit 1 If block is allocated it represent in bit 0 Eg: Consider a disk has 30 blocks
Where blocks 2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18,25,26 and 27 are free, and the rest of the blocks are allocated. What is bit vector for disk above ? Bit vector : 0011110011111100011000000111000

Free Space Management System

A disk has 35 blocks in which no. blocks 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 24, 28, 29, 31, and 34 have been allocated to specific files. a) Define the bit vectors to disk above. b) By using the method of First Fit and Contiguous Fit , Draw the position of the TEST file size 45K who wish to be included in the disk. Assume a block size = 20K. c) Define the bit vectors for the new disk after test file allocated