International Conference on

Resource Utilization and Intelligent

Systems

Challenges in High
Frequency Vibration
Design

Kulkarni Satish S.
Sr. Lecturer, Textile and Engineering Institute,
Ichalkaranji 416115. INDIA
kulsat@indiatimes.com

Dr. Padte J. C.
Director, FIE Research Institute, Ichalkaranji
416115. INDIA

Challenges in High Frequency Vibration

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Topics for Discussion

 Why Vibration Design?

 Present Trends
• Deterministic Techniques
Modal Analysis
Domain Decomposition
Energy Finite Element Method
• Probabilistic Techniques
• Statistical Energy Analysis
 Comparison
 Challenges at High Frequency
Vibration Design

Challenges in High Frequency Vibration Design

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 Modal Analysis

• Modal Testing
• Finite Element Model Updating
• Co-relation techniques
• Structural Dynamic Modification

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 Routes of Modal Analysis

Analytical Modal Experimental Modal

Analysis Analysis

Description of Structure Response Levels

Spatial Model Response

Mass, Stiffness, Model
Damping

Vibration Modes Vibration Modes

Modal Modal
Model ModelNatural
Frequency, Mode
Shapes
Response Levels Description of Structure

Response Spatial
Model
Frequency/Impulse Model
Response

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 Co-relation techniques

• Orthogonality Check
 single indicator for coupled errors in
the analytical model development, the
reduction of the analytical model and
the estimated modal vectors and was
not best approach
• Modal Assurance Criteria
 To provide a measure of consistency
(degree of linearity) between
estimates of a modal vector.
 Interpretation of MAC

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Modal Assurance Criteria
• Interpretation of MAC
 MAC Unity (the modal vectors are consistent.)
• The modal vectors have been incompletely
measured.
• The modal vectors are the result of a
forced excitation other than the desired
input.
• The modal vectors are primarily coherent
noise.
• The modal vectors represent the same
modal vector with different arbitrary
scaling.
 MAC Zero (modal
( vectors are not consistent.)

• The system is non-stationary.

• There is noise on the reference modal
vector.
• The modal parameter estimation is invalid.
• The modal vectors are from linearly
unrelated mode shape
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 Finite Element Model
Updating

• Sources of Error in FE Model

 Nature and Distribution of damping in the
Structure cannot be obtained theoretically
 Accurate stiffness and damping modeling of
joints in complex structure
 Type of mesh and Nature of finite element and
Co-ordinates of interest in FE model

• Basic SDM Approach

 Orthogonality check- Comparison of
measured mode shapes with theoretical mass
 Adjustments of measured mode shapes
 Adjustments of Theoretical Stiffness Matrices
 System Error matrices
• Inverse Mass and Stiffness
• Mass and Stiffness
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 Structural Dynamic
Modification
Modificatio
ORIGINAL n MODIFIED STATE
STATE
Original Change in Mass Stiffness Modified
Mass, Stiffness Mass, Stiffness
Physical Space
Modal Transformations

Modal Transformations
‘N’ Physical DOF

N << M

Modal Space
‘M’ Modal DOF
Original Change in Modal Displacements Modified
Modes Modes

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 Other Deterministic
Techniques
• Domain Decomposition
 Component Mode Synthesis (CMS)
• Craig Bampton Decomposition
• Automated Multilevel Sub structuring
Method (AMLS)
• Energy Finite Element Method
 It predicts mechanical energy based
on energy equilibrium equations
 able to model local effects like local
damping and localized power input
 Analysis of these components can be
obtained by existing FE codes of
thermal analysis.

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 Statistical Energy
Analysis
Power Power
Injected System 1
Dissipated
E1

Power
Flow
Betwee
n
System
s
Power System 2 Power
Injected E2 Dissipated

Two System SEA Model

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Terminologies Used in SEA
• Modal Density
 Minimum 3 to 4 modes in one third octave
band
• Input Power
• Dissipation of Energy
• Coupling Loss Factor
• Sub System (SS)
 Group of similar energy storage modes
(Flexural, Torsional acoustic cavities etc.)
 Assumption for SS
• Effect of boundary conditions on SS is small.
This implies that number of modes in given
frequency band to be high.
• Response doesn’t vary largely over SS. This
implies that the damping in the system should
be low and that the response of the system is
reverberant.
• Modes are randomly distributed over a range of
analysis.
• System contains equal energy at all frequency
bands.
• Energy is stored in response of SS.
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 Comparison
 Deterministic Techniques

• Experimental Modal Analysis

• Co-relation and MAC

• Structural Dynamic Modification

• Analytical Deterministic Techniques

 Probabilistic Techniques

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Comparison :Experimental
Modal Analysis

• State of art instrumentation

and Analysis Softwares are
available
• Unable to adjust the
experimental conditions with
that of Application.
• Proper selection of sensor
locations and measuring
instruments is needed for
avoiding loading effect of
sensors.

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Co-relation and MAC
 validation of experimental results,
correlation of analytical model
with experimental models, modal
vector error analysis
 Misuse of MAC
The MAC is not an orthogonality
check.
The wrong mathematical
formulation for the MAC is used.
The MAC is sensitive to large
values (wild points?) and
insensitive to small values.
The number of elements in the
modal vectors (space) is small.
The modal vectors have been
zero padded.

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Comparison: Structural
Dynamic Modification
• Truncation of modes. Modal database
contain only few lower order modes.
• Lack of rotational DOF for many
modifications that involve rotational DOF.
Even today, techniques available to
measure rotational DOF are costly and
are unable to guarantee exactness of the
results. Analytical approaches like spline
fits of measured data; analytical
representations of curvature etc are used
as a substitute.
• Rigid body modes are not included in
modal data. These are required to define
the inertial characteristics of the
component.
• Incorrect mode shape scaling. The
projected changes to the system in modal
space will be directly affected due to this.

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 Comparison: Analytical
Deterministic Techniques

• Suitable at low frequency.

• At high frequency
 element size is small and time
required for analysis is prohibitively
large.
 modes are closely spaced and mode
separation is not possible
 number of modes increases with
frequency and hence analysis is
unable to provide any practical
information
 structures are more sensitive to
structural modifications

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Comparison: Probabilistic
Techniques

• can handle large number of modes at one

time and able to give practical results
regarding spatial variations of certain
parameters over wide frequency band.
• describe the system in much simpler way
• unable to give variation of them within the
element
• the local data is lost
• useful for structures with low value of
damping
• required mode density is high and hence
it is not useful at low frequency.

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 Challenges at High
Frequency Vibration
Analysis
 Estimation of variability and confidence
intervals of SEA predictions and
parameters.
 Study of transient behavior using SEA.
 Integration of FEA, SEA and Energy
Flow Models.
 To develop techniques to estimate SEA
parameters in efficient and optimal
manner from FE models.
 To develop experimental methods to
estimate SEA parameters.
 To develop SEA/Energy Flow Models for
assembled structures.
 Estimation of parameters for uncertain
structures.

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