HIGH TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

LT NAVEEN KAPOOR IC-75153L TES-16

INTRODUCTION
Temperature is defined as degree of hotness and coldness of the body . It is frequently controlled variable in all industrial processes.

AIM
To acquaint the class regarding construction, functioning and application of pyrometers.

TOPIC
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. TEMPERATURE SCALES MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES PYROMETRY TOTAL RADIATION PYROMETRY SELECTIVE RADIATION PYROMETRY

TEMPERATURE SCALES
1. FAHREHEIT SCALE:
a) This scale has 180 units between freezing and boiling point of water. b) R(absolute temp. Rankine scale)=F+459.69

2. CELSIUS SCALE:
a) Celsius scale has 100 units between freezing and boiling point of water. b) K(absolute temp. Kelvin scale)=C+273.15

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
1. Non electrical methods:
a) Uses change in physical state , chemical properties and physical properties as measuring parameter. b) E.g.: liquid in glass thermometer

2. Electrical methods:
a) Uses variable resistance transducers or thermo electric transducers. b) Furnish signal which can be easily detected , amplified or used , hence convenient to use. c) E.g. : thermo-electric sensors.

3. Radiation methods :
a) It is a non-contacting method. b) used for very high temperature measurement. c) the radiations emitted from the hot body are the measure of the temperature of the body.

PYROMETRY
The word pyrometer comes from the Greek word for fire, " (pyro), and meter, meaning to measure. A pyrometer has an optical system and detector. The optical system focuses the thermal radiation onto the detector. The output signal of the detector (Temperature T) is related to the thermal radiation or irradiance j* of the target object through the Stefan Boltzmann law, the constant of proportionality , called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity of the object. "

TOTAL RADIATION PYROMETER

PRINCIPLE : total radiation
pyrometer receives all the radiation from a particular are of hot body. The term total radiation includes both the visible and invisible radiations. It consists of radiation receiving element and a measuring device. It works on Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states, energy emitted from the black body is directly proportional to fourth power of its temperature.

CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of a black tube opened at one end to receive the radiations from the hot body. The other end of the tube has a sighting aperture in which a n adjustable eye piece is usually fitted. The thermal radiations impinge on concave mirror whose position can be suitably adjusted using a rack and pinion arrangement. The rays then converge on the blackened end of thermocouple or thermopile which then measures the temperature in terms of voltage.

APPLICATION:
Temperature measurement in large furnace in metal industries.

SELECTIVE RADIATION PYROMETER

PRINCIPLE:
In this, the radiated energy from the heated body is measured at a given wavelength. The principle of temperature measurement by brightness comparison is used in optical pyrometer. A colour variation with the growth in temperature is taken as an index of temperature.

This optical pyrometer compares the brightness of image produced by temperature source with that of reference temperature lamp.

The current in the lamp is adjusted until the brightness of the lamp is equal to the brightness of the image produced by the temperature source.

Since the intensity of light of any wave length depends on the temperature of the radiating object, the current passing through the lamp becomes a measure of the temperature of the temperature source when calibrated.

CONSTRUCTION
The main parts of an optical pyrometer are as follows:
An eye piece at one end and an objective lens at the other end. A power source (battery), rheostat and millivoltmeter (to measure current) connected to a reference temperature bulb. An absorption screen is placed in between the objective lens and reference temperature lamp. The absorption screen is used to increase the range of the temperature which can be measured by the instrument. The red filter between the eye piece and the lamp allows only a narrow band of wavelength of around 0.65mui.

APPLICATION : Measurement in range of 850C to1200C.

APPLICATIONS
Pyrometers are suited especially to the measurement of moving objects or any surfaces that can not be reached or can not be touched. 1.) SMELTER INDUSTRY Temperature is a fundamental parameter in metallurgical furnace operations. Reliable and continuous measurement of the melt temperature is essential for effective control of the operation. Smelting rates can be maximized, slag can be produced at the optimum temperature, fuel consumption is minimized and refractory life may also be lengthened. Thermocouples were the traditional devices used for this purpose, but they are unsuitable for continuous measurement because they rapidly dissolve.

2.) OVER-THE-BATH PYROMETER Salt bath furnaces operate at temperatures up to 1300 C and are used for heat treatment. At very high working temperatures with intense heat transfer between the molten salt and the steel being treated, precision is maintained by measuring the temperature of the molten salt. Most errors are caused by slag on the surface which is cooler than the salt bath

3.) TUYERE PYROMETER The Tuyre Pyrometer is an optical instrument for temperature measurement through the tuyeres which are normally used for feeding air or reactants into the bath of the furnace.

4.) STEAM BOILERS

A steam boiler may be fitted with a pyrometer to measure the steam temperature in the superheater. 5.) HOT AIR BALLOONS A hot air balloon is equipped with a pyrometer for measuring the temperature at the top of the envelope in order to prevent overheating of the fabric. 6.) PYROMETRY OF GASES Pyrometry of gases presents difficulties. These are most commonly overcome by using thin filament pyrometry or soot pyrometry. Both techniques involve small solids in contact with hot gases.

CONCLUSION
Thus for applications where the too high temperature of the body doesn t allow contacting type of thermometers, the pyrometers assist in measuring temperature of the hot body and also in measuring temperature of the moving bodies.