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Contents
Indias Water Resources
Watershed Development & Modelling Integrated Watershed Management Water Conservation & Harvesting Successful Case Study
Integrated Water Resources Development and Management: IWRDM. Integration of - River basin resources- surface and ground. - Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive, and supplies. - Facilities - mega to micro. - Human and eco-systems. - S&T and engineering with social, economic, synergic needs.
SOME INFERENCES FROM RIVER BASIN STATISTICS Himalayan Rivers Water: 300 utilizable, 1200 BCM available. Himalayan large dams presently store 80 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 90 BCM. Peninsular Rivers Water: 400 utilizable, 700 BCM available. Peninsular large dams presently store 160 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 45 BCM. In all, large dams presently store 240 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 135 BCM. Total storage thus could be 375 BCM only.
Where does the water come from? New dams - inter-basin transfer Groundwater - underdeveloped Demand Management Water savings - increase in efficiency, reduce evaporation. Water productivity - increases in crop per drop Trade (virtual water), import food.
Part 2: Watershed
Limited water resources,more demand.
Watershed is the basic scientific unit. Need for proper planning and
management. Integrated watershed development approach Digital revolution Recent advances in watershed modelling - use of computer models,
WATERSHED Development
Watershed Characteristics. Hydrology of watershed.
Watershed (ha) 50,000-2,00,000 10,000-50,000 1,000-10,000 100-1,000 10-100 Classification Watershed Sub-watershed Milli- watershed Micro-watershed Mini-watershed
WATERSHED MODELLING
Watershed modelling steps 1. Formulation 2. Calibration/verification 3. Application Watershed model constitutes 1. Input function 2. Output function 3. Transform function
WATERSHED MODELLING
ET Precipitation
Interception Storage
ET
Surface Storage
Surface Runoff
Infiltration
Interflow
Direct Runoff
WATERSHED MODELLING
General Classification of Models
Broadly classified into three types Black Box Models: These models describe mathematically the relation between rainfall and surface runoff without describing the physical process by which they are related. e.g. Unit Hydrograph approach Lumped models: These models occupy an intermediate position between the distributed models and Black Box Models. e.g. Stanford Watershed Model Distributed Models: These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based on the solution of unsteady flow equations.
This type of development not only called into question the adequacy of water resources schemes but triggered the urgent search for more effective and appropriate management strategies. Major response to follow Integrated Watershed Management Approach.
Project success
Low
1970
1980
1990
2000
Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority. Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts.
The four engineering and management tools for effective and sustainable development of water resources in semi-arid rural India: Appropriate technologies Decentralised development system Catchment based water resources planning Management information system In past the efforts were more on the soil conservation and taking measures on the land where as we used to neglect the welfare of the land users. For sustainable watershed management there is need to integrate the social and economic development together with soil and water conservation
Water Conservation
Important step for solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
Water Conservation
Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants. At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it over some plants.
Re-use water as much as possible Change in attitude & habits for water conservation Every drop counts!!!
RWH Methodologies
Roof Rain Water Harvesting Land based Rain Water Harvesting Watershed based Rain Water harvesting For Urban & Industrial Environment Roof & Land based RWH Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces
~ 20-30 events during June-September ~ Classified as drought prone region. Moisture deficit during January to May months each year.
Major crops: Maize, Cotton, Peanuts, Soyabeans; Gram, Black beans, Oil seeds.
Predominantly tribal population, 92% engaged in agriculture. ~ high seasonal migration ~ economically one of the most backward district
Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station Jhabua
Development Issues
Subsistence of rain-fed mono-cropping farming system with low agriculture productivity Undulating topography and soil erosion due to overgrazing causing degradation of land. High pressure of population on the agriculture land leading to substantial poverty causing immigration. Absence of decentralized water resources and basic infrastructure facilities. Degradation of forestry land due to absence of community involvement in protection of the forest.
using
Geographical
Total alluvium area= 18.5 km2 Channel porosity = 20% Depth of wetting front = 4.0 m
Appropriate Technology
Water conservation and groundwater recharge techniques
Water Conservation
Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches, gully plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks. Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.
Type of land ownership for soil and water conservation measures
25% 45%
2%
5% 28%
Joint Forest Management Redevelopment of forest is essential for catering socioeconomics needs of the people and ecological needs of the region. Forest committees are formed for forest protection and part of area is made available for grazing on rotation basis. Implementing agencies promoted the concept of Social Fencing people protecting the forest and grazing land.
Community participation and local capacity building Development of new village level institutions and local capacity building. Operation & maintenance of structures, regulation of financial matters, and conflict resolution.
Discussion
Success interventions reside in integration of appropriate technical and managerial measures. measures Peoples participation in the entire process are most important. The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation definitely reached. Efficient utilisation of funds, only 10-15% spent on non-project costs. Thus, IWM approach may be characterised by Community management built on existing social structure, structure Project management drawn from village level organisations, organisations Joint forest management with community participation, Self-help water user groups and community based banking institutions. Limitation: 100% drought proofing for every water use can not be achieved.
Concluding Remarks The integrated watershed management approach have the following major components: Promote sustainable economic development through optimum utilisation of natural resources and local capacity building. Restore ecological balance through community participation and cost affordable technologies for easy acceptance. Improving living conditions of the poorer through more equitable resources distribution and greater access to income generating activities.
Concluding Remarks About 2-4 meter water level increase is observed in selected wells. Watershed management can easily cope with climate change impacts.
The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation not only for drinking water security but also for agriculture definitely reached. Efficient utilisation of funds as only 10-15% of the total budget spent on non-project costs.
Dr. T. I. Eldho Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in Phone: (022) 25767339; Fax: 25767302
http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in