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From Welaco
TYPES OF LOGS
Geophysical Logs
Resistivity Porosity Gamma Ray Dip Meter Borehole Imaging Other
Production Logging
Pressure Temperature Spinner Fluid Density Sonic Caliper Electro-magnetic Ultrasonic RA Tracer Video
Well Inspection
RESISTVITY LOGS
Measure bulk resistivity of formation Laterlog
The original well log Electrodes direct current into formation to ground electrodes on surface
Induction
Magnetic field induces current in formation Used with low conductivity well fluids
Porosity can be calculated if water salinity is known Oil or gas saturation can be calculated if porosity and water salinity are known
POROSITY LOGS
Neutron tool
Neutron source High energy neutrons are slowed down by hydrogen atoms in water (or oil) and detected by tool Porosity is function rock type and slow neutron count
Density tool
Gamma ray source Electrons reflect gamma rays back to detector in tool Electrons in formation proportional to density Porosity is function of rock type and density
Sonic tool
Measures speed of sound in formation Porosity slows sound Porosity is function of rock type and measured speed of sound
Imaging Tools
Resistivity imaging tools
FMI - Schlumberger, EMI Halliburton Pads with many buttons map small scale resistivity
Borehole image
Dip and orientation of fractures Structure and stress of formation
Borehole breakout Drilling induced fractures
Magnetic resonance
Detects free water Determine permeability
GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS
Geophysical tools designed for sedimentary formations
Algorithms for sandstone, shale, limestone, dolomite Special algorithms required for crystalline rock
Resistivity tool is sufficient to quantify porosity when water salinity is known Sonic tool puts seismic surveys on depth Density tool calibrates gravity surveys Formation imaging tools map fractures and quantify stress regime Neutron and density tools can identify lithology,
if samples are available to create correlations if there is variation in rock type
COMPANIES
The Big Three SCHLUMBERGER HALLIBURTON BAKER ATLAS Geothermal Production Logging WELACO Bakersfield CA PACIFIC PROCESS SYSTEMS Bakersfield CA SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION SERVICES Houston TX INSTRUMENT SERVICES INC. Ventura CA
Pressure-Temperature-Spinner & some other services Sell and service equipment Many other companies in Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Iceland, Kenya (KenGen), etc.
PRODUCTION LOGS
Very useful in geothermal wells Can be run with simple or sophisticated equipment Temperature surveys are essential for exploration work Pressure & Temperature surveys are more useful for well testing and production
TEMPERATURE LOGS
Most important parameter in geothermal wells Thermocouple wire
easiest for shallow holes
RTD
most accurate
Mechanical tool
Only option for deep hot wells 10 years ago
Fiber Optics
Instantaneous temperature profile of entire wellbore Good for measuring transients
TEMPERATURE PROFILE
SURFACE CONDUCTIVE GRADIENT
DEPTH
PRESSURE LOG
Second most important reservoir parameter
pressure drives flow producing drawdown indicates reservoir productivity (or injection buildup) drawdown curves analyzed to determine reservoir permeability
200
400
DEPTH
WATER LEVEL
600 STATIC PRESSURE STATIC TEMPERATURE
800
1000
1200
DEPTH
600
STATIC TEMPERATURE
800
SPINNER LOG
Propeller measures flow in wellbore Identifies production (or injection) zones Calculate fluid velocity from series of up and down runs at different cable speeds
FLOWING SPINNER SURVEY Log down 100 fpm Log up 100 fpm
200
400 DEPTH
1000
1200
Caliper
Video
PRESSURE CONTROL
Should be used there is any possibility of well flowing Pack-off
Rubber cylinder tightens around wireline Few hundred psi Length of pipe below pack-off Necessary to run tool in pressurized well Valve below lubricator that closes around wireline Useful if pack-off fails or wireline gets stuck in pack-off Placed below pack-off For thousands of psi Grease pumped in high pressure end flows to low pressure
Grease in High pressure Grease out Low pressure
Anyone with a slickline or braided cable winch can run memory tools.