Any Questions?

Chapter 2
The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models Networking architecture
An organized set of documents. Describe one small function required for a network.

Protocol
a set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate.

Chapter Goal
Understand networking model and how it works

Do I know this?
Go through the Quiz5 minutes

1. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP transport layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP

1. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP transport layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP Answer: D & F

2. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP network access layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP g. PPP

2. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP network access layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP g. PPP Answer: A &G

3. The process of HTTP asking TCP to send some data and make sure that it is received correctly is an example of what? a. Same-layer interaction b. Adjacent-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All the other answers are correct.

3. The process of HTTP asking TCP to send some data and make sure that it is received correctly is an example of what? a. Same-layer interaction b. Adjacent-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All the other answers are correct. Answer: B

4. The process of TCP on one computer marking a segment as segment 1, and the receiving computer then acknowledging the receipt of segment 1, is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. Adjacent-layer interaction d. The OSI model e. None of these answers are correct.

4. The process of TCP on one computer marking a segment as segment 1, and the receiving computer then acknowledging the receipt of segment 1, is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. Adjacent-layer interaction d. The OSI model e. None of these answers are correct. Answer: B

5. The process of a web server adding a TCP header to a web page, followed by adding an IP header, and then a data link header and trailer is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All of these answers are correct.

5. The process of a web server adding a TCP header to a web page, followed by adding an IP header, and then a data link header and trailer is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: A

6. Which of the following terms is used specifically to identify the entity that is created when encapsulating data inside data link layer headers and trailers? a. Data b. Chunk c. Segment d. Frame e. Packet f. None of thesethere is no encapsulation by the data link layer.

6. Which of the following terms is used specifically to identify the entity that is created when encapsulating data inside data link layer headers and trailers? a. Data b. Chunk c. Segment d. Frame e. Packet f. None of thesethere is no encapsulation by the data link layer. Answer: D

7. Which OSI layer defines the functions of logical network-wide addressing and routing? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7

7. Which OSI layer defines the functions of logical network-wide addressing and routing? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7 Answer: C

8. Which OSI layer defines the standards for cabling and connectors? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7

8. Which OSI layer defines the standards for cabling and connectors? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7 Answer: A

. Which OSI layer defines the standards for data formats and encryption? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7

. Which OSI layer defines the standards for data formats and encryption? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7 Answer: F

10. Which of the following terms are not valid terms for the names of the seven OSI layers? a. Application b. Data link c. Transmission d. Presentation e. Internet f. Session

10. Which of the following terms are not valid terms for the names of the seven OSI layers? a. Application b. Data link c. Transmission d. Presentation e. Internet f. Session Answer: C & E

Any Questions?

Foundation Topics
TCP/IP is most widely supported protocol Early Protocols were owned by the company that wrote them
Each vendor had different network. Interoperability was difficult

ISO organized to write a standard in the late 1970s DARPA also started a standard
TCP/IP

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The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

Large Collection of protocols that allow computers to communicate
Request For Comments (RFCs) defines the protocols
http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html

Standard provide interoperability

Can any phone into the phone network Computer with TCP/IP will work on almost nay data network
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TCP/IP Architecture

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The TCP/IP Application Layer

Defines services for an application
Capability to transfer a file

Provides interface between software and network

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Application Layer Example

HTTP Request-HTTP transfer of file

HTML is the Language of the file being transferred

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More Details on Example

Request
HTTP Header-Get home.htm

Reply
HTTP OK-Sends contents

HTTP Headers have codes

200-File Found 404-File not found
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More Details on Example

When a layer of the TCP/IP Architecture want to communicate it uses the headers to communicate with the SAME layer on the other machine
Same-layer interaction

Application Layer doesnt define the application used on the computer

Defines how to accomplish the networking tasks that the application wants
File transfers, etc.

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Any Questions?

The TCP/IP Transport Layer

Two main Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Provides error recovery by providing acknowledgements

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Provides Service to Application Layer

Helps provide services to the transport of application layer information (files and requests)
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Reliability by TCP

TCP headers manage the flow of data If data is lost, TCP resends the data Adjacent-layer interaction

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Reliability by TCP
Application and Transport Layer can ignore lower layers Work the same way regardless of whether the computers are communicating on a LAN or over the Internet Lower layers deal with the physical network

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Any Questions?

The TCP/IP Internet Layer

Is there a difference to you when you send a letter to a local friend or to another city? Local Letter
Goes to your Post Office and then to friend

Another City
Goes to your post office, then to main post office, then to main post office in other city, then to friends post office, then to friend

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The TCP/IP Internet Layer

Internet Layer Defines
IP Addressing
Unique addressing for each host computer

IP Routing
So that routers can make decisions on where to send the packets of data

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Internet Layer in Action

IP Packet
IP Header TCP Header Application Header Application Data (none in this case)
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Internet Layer in Action

Bob Sends packet to router R2 R2 examines destination IP address R2 makes routing decision based on known topology
Knows that Larry must be on other side of R1

R1 passes the packet to Larry

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Any Questions?

The TCP/IP Network Access Layer

Defines protocols and hardware for delivering data across physical networks Defines physical connection to the network media over which data can be transmitted Provides services to the layer above it Example-Ethernet
Cabling, addressing and protocols for an Ethernet LAN
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The TCP/IP Network Access Layer

Internet Layer doesnt know how to use wires Network Access services Internet Layer by providing link to numerous physical implentations Ethernet and Other LAN standards PPP, Frame-Relay and other WAN standards
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Network Access Layer-In action

Bob sends IP packet to R2

Wraps IP packet in Ethernet Header and Trailer-an Ethernet FRAME

R2 doesnt need Ethernet Header and Trailer

Strips them off and has IP packets Puts a PPP header and Trailer around it-PPP FRAME

R1 does the same strip of PPP information and adds new Ethernet information

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Network Access Layer-In action

People often think of Network Access layer as two parts
Network layer Physical layer

Not part of specification, but can be handled differently

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Any Questions?

Data Encapsulation Terminology

Each layer adds its own header and possibly trailer
Encapsulation

Application Layer
Encpasulates web page with HTTP header

Transport Layer
Encpasulated HTTP header and data in TCP header

Etc
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Data Encapsulation Terminology

Step 1 Create and encapsulate the application data with any required application layer headers. For example, the HTTP OK message can be returned in an HTTP header, followed by part of the contents of a web page. Step 2 Encapsulate the data supplied by the application layer inside a transport layer header. For end-user applications, a TCP or UDP header is typically used. Step 3 Encapsulate the data supplied by the transport layer inside an internet layer (IP) header. IP is the only protocol available in the TCP/IP network model. Step 4 Encapsulate the data supplied by the internet layer inside a network access layer header and trailer. This is the only layer that uses both a header and a trailer. Step 5 Transmit the bits. The physical layer encodes a signal onto the medium to transmit the frame.

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Data Encapsulation Terminology

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Any Questions?

The OSI Reference Model

Never really used in real world Still a reference point for layered protocols Need to know OSI terminology Easily compared to TCP/IP model

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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP

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OSI and TCP/IP

OSI Network Layer is like TCP/IP Internet Layer-why? Defines logical addressing Defines routing TCP/IP Transport layer defines error recovery-like OSI Transport layer TCP is called Layer 4 protocol
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OSI Layers and Their Functions

Many devices actually understand protocols at multiple layers, but highest is mentioned.

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Memorizing the OSI Layer

All People Seem To Need Data Processing Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
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OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits

Less Complex Compared to not using a model, network models break the concepts into smaller parts. Standard Interfaces The standard interface definitions between each layer allow for multiple vendors to create products that compete to be used for a given function, along with all the benefits of open competition. Easier to learn Humans can more easily discuss and learn about the many details of a protocol specification. Easier to develop Reduced complexity allows easier program changes and faster product development. Multivendor interoperability Creating products to meet the same networking standards means that computers and networking gear from multiple vendors can work in the same network. Modular engineering One vendor can write software that implements higher layersfor example, a web browserand another vendor can write software that implements the lower layersfor example, Microsofts built-in TCP/IP software in its operating systems.

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OSI Encapsulation Terminology

Same process of adding headers and possible trailers to previous layer Rather than Segment, packet, frame
Protocol Data Unit

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Any Questions?

Chapter Key topics

See CD in back of book for additional printable appendices Appendix H-Memory Tables

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Any Questions?