ISHAN MITTAL

Energy is a major input for all overall socio-economic development. Fossil fuels are currently major sources of energy.

These fossil fuels release harmful gases as by - products on combustion thereby causing , not only depletion the ozone layer, But also increase the amount of green house gases in the atmosphere. Prices of the fossil fuels are steeply increasing

Hence ,Renewables are expected to play a key role in accelerating development and sustainable growth in the second half of the this century, accounting then to 50 to 60% of the total global energy supply.

Wind energy is one such form of renewable resources which is not only clean but also exploitable to a great extent at a low cost

Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy source

www.wind.net

now, The world wide installed capacity of wind is growing at a rapid pace of over 30% per year ,while solar capacity at about 20% &coal is decreasing at 1%

Factors for such steep rise in wind resources are: declining cost of wind power (4-6 cents kw/h) technological advances revenue for landowners & tax jurisdictions consumer demand  Wind energy is big business turning over $13 billion globally and employing 1,00,000 people today. By 2020, the industry is expected to employ 1.8 million people and be worth of $120 billion a year.


www..maps of india.com

Available wind power potential in India

www.indianwindpower.com

www..maps of india.com

All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity

Diesel Wind Nuclea Hyd 6

Gas C al 58
f t tal installed capacity, Despite the This sh ws that wind c nt ibutes t nly t emend us p tential . c al is still the maj ene gy s u ce with 58 sha e .The cu ent installed capacity f the wind in india is , 8 MW , fifth la gest w ldwide

www.indianwindp we .c m

Power of the Wind Wind Turbine Power input is given by the following formula: P = 0.5 x rho x A x Cp x V3 x Ng x Nb where: P = power in watts rho = air density A = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m2) Cp = Coefficient of performance V = wind speed in meters/sec Ng = generator efficiency
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The area grey curve, of acurve tells us how much of columns, power we can0.1 For the under the blue multiply thenarrow vertical the wind one for the The graph consists we number of power of each wind speed with each theoretically of each wind speed and of each the distribution of wind energyof of probability convert to mechanical power.get column is the power ,(number at m/s wind speed interval. The height we (According to Betz' law this is 1 /27 the total power in the wind). The total particular wind speed contributes how much different wind speeds = the wind power density functioncurve tells us to the watts per square metre), which that area under the red electrical power a certain wind turbine will produce at this site. total amount of power available per square metre.

The ratio for actual energy captured by a wind turbine to that which could be captured is the Power Coefficient, the wind speeds must be within the optimum range throughout the year at the designated location to enable the turbine to operate at its maximum power coefficient. Other selection parameters include installation height, blade parameters, airfoil characteristics, and aerodynamic requirements;

www.worldwind.asc..gov

(p)The wind speed is 1. times greater .at aheight of 1 mthan what It is at the groundleve;.t this can be used to calculate the hub height

www.worldwind.asc.gov

For many mechanical applications, such as water pumping, high torque of total blade Now,The higher the design tip speed ratio, the lower is the required ratiois of primary importance, areato calculate theisbecause for a lengthpower ofgiven blade area Cp (P)We swept this low tip speed needed obviously as For a blade area & wind area tocan use ence (called solidity)required Blade givenfor a giventhe turbine, because as we relationship only the the product of at a at the tip) speed wind x-axis the tip on yalready know , thefor istipspeed (measured hence the blade on and rotational area The axis...is increase blade speed speedand given wind to the length, the is hence speed , if youmaxof Power a specific tip ratio torque (twisting force) thespeedsweptspeed we can ratio speed get and the solidity decreases increases the corresponding blade length and breadth for that tip speed and blade area

we Cant use a large generator because it requires larger power to turn . ence the reason why weblademore outputbeen a relatively smaller generator in a lowcapacity is (P)Now Once get length has from selected we can calculate generator wind area that the turbine runs more hours get a length of 27 m. we must use a generator of according to this figure i.e if we during the year 22 K capacity..

Now As the wind strikes the blades

And the the the orange gear box hich turns blue generator coils It turns the low speed shaft

The yaw drive turns the nacelle according to the wind whole mechanism The nacelle is the housing of this direction www.wikipedia .org

 Lift is the main force Variable blade pitch , optimum angle of attack Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower Yaw mechanism is required Cyclic stress is produced

UPWIND TURBINE DO NWIND TURBINE

In the downwind turbine, the tower faces the wind and hence a problem of cyclic stress exists .the Upward facing blade experiences a force backward due to the wind & the downward facing In the upwind turbine the blades face the blade does not experience this force because the Wind and therefore no ence ,cyclic stress tower obstructs the wind. problem of cyclic is stress exists produced. The combined twist is worst in machines with an even number of blades, where one blade is straight up when another is straight down

www.wikipedia .org

 Drag is the main force Nacelle & generator is placed at the bottom Yaw mechanism is not required Lower starting torque Difficulty in mounting the turbine Unwanted fluctuations in the power output
www.wikipedia .org

Height limitations allow use in low speed areas only

Wind Speed and density Turbine design & construction 75% of total cost Rated capacity of the turbine Exact Location inland or coastal Improvements in turbine design Capital available capital intensive source

Wind turbines undergo major economies of scale avantage as for 1MW of installed capacity we need 1 -2 million & for 2 MW of installed capacity, only 2.8 million is needed. Also energy production cost per KW/hr decreases increasingly with increasing capacity To take advantage of economies of scale, wind power facilities should be in excess of 20 MW. So if the average wind turbine is rated at 750 kilowatts (kW) in capacity, this means at least 26 turbines must be installed and an initial investment of $20 million dollars is needed

Size: 51 MW Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour Installation cost : around $45 million Annual production: 150 million kW-hr Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents per KW/hr Payback period: 10 years

www.magturbine.com

This works on the theory of magnetic levitation. The vertically oriented blades of the wind turbine are suspended in the air above the base of the machine, replacing the need for ball bearings. The turbine uses full-permanent magnets, not electromagnets therefore, it does not require electricty to run. The fullpermanent magnet system employs neodymium (rare earth) and there is no energy loss through friction. This also helps reduce maintenance costs and increases the lifespan of the generator

Maglev wind turbines have several advantages over conventional wind turbines. For instance, theyre able to use winds with starting speeds as low as 1.5 meters per second (m/s). Also, they could operate in winds exceeding 40 m/s. Currently, the largest conventional wind turbines in the world produce only five megawatts of power. However, one large maglev wind turbine could generate one gigawatt of clean power, enough to supply energy to 7,50,000 homes. It would also increase generation capacity by 20% over conventional wind turbines and decrease operational costs by 50%. If that isnt enough, the maglev wind turbines will be operational for about 500 years

http://news.bbc.co.uk
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This is an offshore wind turbine , mounted on a floating structure that allows the turbine to generate electricity in water depths where bottommounted tower are not feasible.

Visual impact
Off shore turbines Arrangement

Avian concerns
Suitable choice of site Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower with diagonal stringers no place to perch Using radars

 Noise
Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed Streamlining of tower and nacelle Acoustic insulation of nacelle Specially designed gear box Use of upwind turbines rather than downwind Cost: Wind turbines are Not good for small scale applications due to higher cost

Clean , environment friendly resource Easy in construction Low maintenance costs Reliable and durable equipment Additional income to land owners More jobs per unit energy produced No hidden or socio economic costs

Since, Wind energy is a pollution free and nature friendly resource, It has very good potential and it is the fastest growing energy source The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more efficient