GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

Contents

y GSM Principles y Cellular Technology y GSM Network y Call Processing y Handoffs y GPRS y EDGE

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
OBJECTIVES

Any time Anywhere Mobility & Roaming High capacity & subs. density Efficient use of radio spectrum Seamless Network Architecture Low cost Flexibility Innovative Services Standard Interfaces

Public Land Mobile Network

y INDIA has adopted GSM standard for PLMN. y Digital Cellular System. y Operates at 900 MHz. y International Roaming facility. y Power class 0.8 to 20W. y Cell Radius upto 35 Kms. y Maximum mobility speed 250 Km/hr.

Allocated GSM Frequency Bands

GSM900 : up: 890~915MHz down: 935~960MHz duplex interval: 45MHz bandwidth: 25MHz frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1800 : up: 1710-1785MHz down: 1805-1880MHz duplex interval: 95MHz working bandwidth: 75MHz frequency interval: 200KHz EGSM900 : up: 880~890MHz down: 925~935MHz duplex interval: 45MHz bandwidth: 10MHz frequency interval: 200KHz GSM1900MHz: up:1850~1910MHz down:1930~1990MHz duplex interval: 80MHz working bandwidth: 60MHz frequency interval: 200KHz

GSM PRINCIPLES
BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
y FDMA y TDMA y Cellular Technology &

Frequency Re-use Scheme

FDMA
y y y y y

Frequency Division Multiple Access Scheme Uplink Frequency Band = (890 915) MHz Downlink Frequency Band = (935 960) MHz Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number (ARFCN) Bandwidth = 915 890 or 960 935 = 25 MHz

GSM FDMA

890 25 MHz
0

915
1 2

935 25 MHz
0 1 Base to Mobile

960
2

Mobile to Base
890.2 890.4 890.6
(MHz)

935.2

935.4

935.6

200 kHz

45MHz

200 kHz

Channel layout and frequency bands of operation

TDMA
y Time Division Multiple Access Scheme y One Radio Frequency = Eight Time Slots y One TDMA Frame = Eight Time Slots y One Time Slot = One Physical Channel y One Time Slot Duration = 0.577 msec

GSM TDMA

Amplitude

45 MHz
7 8 5 6 2 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8

Frequency

F1 (Cell Rx)

F2

F1 F2 (Cell transmit)

Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

11

CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY

Cellular Technology
y Cell y Site y Cluster

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS WHAT IS A CELL ?

A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF

channels is called a cell Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area) Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 Km (Mature)

Types of Cells

OMNI

CELLS SECTOR CELLS - Two Sector Cells - Three Sector Cells

Fundamental problems
Radio range, or coverage no. of channels, or voice circuits Full, seamless service coverage Large no. of subscribers in the range of millions

Frequency Re-use Scheme

Frequency Re-use Scheme

y CLUSTER

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

2 7 1 6 5 4 3

GIVEN FREQ. RESOURCE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A CLUSTER OF CELLS

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

CO-CHL INTERFERENCE :Interference caused by another cell/mobile using the same frequency Co Chl Interference is a Function of Q the re-use ratio: R Q =D / R

Higher Q Lower Q

Reduced Co-Chl Interference Increased Co-Chl Interference

CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS

y MICRO CELL y MACRO CELL y UMBRELLA CELL

GSM subsystems
Network Subsystem includes the equipments and functions related to end-to-end call. Radio Subsystem includes the equipments and functions related to the management of the connections on the radio path.

1.

2.

3. Operations and Maintenance subsystem includes the operation and maintenance of GSM equipment for the radio and network interface.

Network Architecture
1 MSC=16 BSC 1 BSC=1024 TRU OSS
HLR

B T S B T S

PSTN ISDN

BSC BSC
A-bis interface

MSC VLR

A Interface
B T S

Data Networks

Air interface

MSC VLR

BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM.ss

GSM Network Structure

y GSM Service Area: Total area served by the

y y y

combination of all member countries where a mobile can be served. PLMN Service Area:It is one N/W area. MSC Service Area:There can many MSC/VLR in one PLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area. Location Area: A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. Cells

GSM PLNM SERVICE AREA

I I MSC VLR

II MSC VLR

MSC

MSC III IV

VLR

GSM

MSC Service Area

LA2 LA1 VLR MSC LA3

LA4 LA5

LA6

GSM CELLS

LA1 LA4

L A 2

LA3 VLR MSC LA5 C1 C6 C2 C5 C3 LA6 C4 C=CELL

GSM

Relation between areas in GSM

Cell Location Area Area served by a BTS Location Area MSC Service Area PLMN Service Area GSM Service Area

28

Call Processing

Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario Phases of Mobile To Land Call ( Mobile Originated Call- MO Call )

SETUP PHASE RINGING PHASE CONVERSATION PHASE RELEASE PHASE

Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario

SETUP PHASE
- REQUEST FOR SERVICE ( CHANNEL ) BY MS - CM SERVICE REQUEST - AUTHENTICATION - CIPHERING - EQUIPMENT VALIDATION ( EIR CHECK ) - SETUP MESSAGE - VALIDATION AT VLR - ASSIGNMENT

Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario Call Setup message

MSC/VLR

Release Complete message to MS No

Is the requested basic service provisioned for the subscriber ?

Yes

Release Complete message to MS Yes

Preliminary Digit Analysis

Is the number of digits less than the minimum expected? No 1. Check of ODB( BAOC/BOIC/ BOIC Ex HC ) 2. Subscriber call barring checks ( BAOC/BOIC etc ASSIGNM ENT

Land To Mobile Call Set-up Scenario Phases of Land To Mobile Call ( Mobile Terminating - MT Call )

Routing Analysis Paging Authentication Ciphering Call-Setup Call Release

Mobile To Mobile Call Set-up Scenario Phases of Mobile To Mobile Call

Request for service.

Authentication

Ciphering Call-Setup Call Release

Routing Analysis

Mobile Originating

Paging Authentication Ciphering Call-Setup Call-Release Mobile Terminating

Handover

y Hard Handover Break before make y Soft Handover make before break y Softer Handover

Evolution from GSM to 3G

The GSM Growth Phases

3G EDGE
GPRS 2.5G HSCSD GSM 2G

GSM Evolution
2G 2.5G 3G

GSM

GPRS

EDGE

UMTS

GSM GPRS 200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 8 full-rate time slots 115 Kbps peak data rates 16 half-rate time slots

UMTS EDGE 5 MHz carrier 200 KHz carrier Data rates up to 384 Kbps 2 Mbps peak data rates New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum 8-PSK modulation Higher symbol rate

HSCSD HSCSD Circuit-switched data 64 Kbps peak data rates

MAIN ADVANTAGES FOR OPERATORS

More Revenue : By providing more than a mobile connection. Also operator can charge on the basis of type and amount of content accessed. Huge Potential Market for Data Sevices : Mobile Phone and Internet, both are fastest growing technologies and GPRS is the merger of two. Fast Roll-out and Continuous Network Expansion : GPRS is an integral part of GSM. GPRS uses excess voice capacity for data : GPRS Packets are transmitted in short, free periods between busy hour calls.

GPRS Vs GSM
GPRS 1. SUPPORTS BOTH CKT. SWITCHED as well as packet switched service. 2. MS Utilizes Automatic retransmission (ARQ) at data link layer to re-transmit error frames. 3. Multiple time slots can be allotted to a single user 4. One time slot can be allotted to several users. 5. Charging/ billing more complex billing. (Volume based, Q.O.S. based) GSM Only circuit switched.

No re-transmission is provided.

Single time slot per user. Single time slot per user. Simple time-based

TYPICAL GPRS SERVICES

* Communications* Value added services E-mail, fax, intranet/ internet access. Information services, games, e-commerce.

* Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic conditions, airline/rail schedule, location finder. * Vertical applications * Location sensitive Advertising -

Freight delivery, fleet management, sales-force automation A user nearing a cinema hall or a restaurant receives flashes of advertisement

GPRS Network
MSC/ VLR HLR EIR SMSGMSC
Signalling and data

Gs
SGSN BSC

Gr

Gf

Gd

Signalling

GGSN

Gb

Gn

Gi

External packet network

Air (Um)

Gn

GGSN

Gp

Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

GPRS = General Packet Radio System

EGPRS = GPRS + EDGE modulation

What EDGE would mean to subscribers

Streaming Applications Very high speed downloads Corporate Intranet connections Quicker MMS Video Phone Vertical corporate applications Video Conference, Remote presentations