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Introduction
What is a Boiler?
Vessel that heats water to become hot water or steam At atmospheric pressure water volume increases 1,600 times Hot water or steam used to transfer heat to a process
2
Introduction
STEAM T P ESS
EXHAUST GAS VENT
STACK
DEAERATOR
PUMPS
E N MIIZE
VENT
B ILE
BURNER WATER SOURCE
FUEL
BRINE
(Your Dictionary.com)
Type of Boilers
Comes i complete package Feat res High heat tra sfer Faster evaporatio Good co vective heat tra sfer Good comb stio efficie cy High thermal efficie cy Classified based o mber of passes
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il B r er
Type of Boilers
4a. Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler
ost common FBC boiler that uses preheated atmospheric air as fluidization and combustion air
Type of Boilers
4c. Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Boiler
Solids lifted from bed, rise, return to bed Steam generation in convection section Benefits: more economical, better space utilization and efficient combustion
11 UNEP 2006
12 UNEP 2006
Tangential firing
14 UNEP 2006
User equipment
4. Fluid returned to heater
Exhaust
18 UNEP 2006
Assessment of a boiler
19 UNEP 2006
Heat balance: identify heat losses Boiler efficiency: determine deviation from best efficiency
20 UNEP 2006
Stack Gas
FUEL INPUT
STEA OUTPUT
Blow Down
21 UNEP 2006
73.8 %
Heat in Steam
22 UNEP 2006
BOI
I ION
1)
DI
HOD:
2) INDI
HOD:
he energy gain of the working fluid (water and steam) is compared with the energy content of the boiler fuel.
ethod
hg -the enthalpy of saturated steam in kcal/kg of steam hf -the enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg of water Parameters to be monitored: - Quantity of steam generated per hour (Q) in kg/hr - Quantity of fuel used per hour (q) in kg/hr - The working pressure (in kg/cm2(g)) and superheat temperature (oC), if any - The temperature of feed water (oC) - Type of fuel and gross calorific value of the fuel (GCV) in 25 kcal/kg of fuel UNEP 2006
ethod
Disadvantages
No explanation of low efficiency Various losses not calculated
26 UNEP 2006
Principle losses:
i) Dry flue gas ii) Evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel iii) Evaporation of moisture in fuel iv) oisture present in combustion air v) Unburnt fuel in fly ash vi) Unburnt fuel in bottom ash vii) Radiation and other unaccounted losses UNEP 2006 27
ethod
ethod
Disadvantages
Time consuming Requires lab facilities for analysis
29 UNEP 2006
Continuous
Ensures constant TDS and steam purity Heat lost can be recovered Common in high-pressure boilers
31 UNEP 2006
Efficient heat transfer only if boiler water is free from deposit-forming solids
33 UNEP 2006
b) Demineralization
Complete removal of salts Cations in raw water replaced with hydrogen ions
37 UNEP 2006
38 UNEP 2006
echanical de-aeration
O2 and CO2 removed by heating feed water Economical treatment process Vacuum type can reduce O2 to 0.02 mg/l
De-aerated Boiler Feed Water
Storage Section
Reversed osmosis
Higher concentrated liquid pressurized Water moves in reversed direction
41 UNEP 2006
Fresh Water
Water Flow
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Symptoms: Causes:
Air shortage, fuel surplus, poor fuel distribution Poor mixing of fuel and air
Oil-fired boiler:
Improper viscosity, worn tops, cabonization on dips, deterioration of diffusers or spinner plates
47 UNEP 2006
52 UNEP GERIAP
UNEP 2006