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SDH and SONET

Transport Technologies
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Introduction to SDH and SONET

Communication Basics
Transmitter, Medium, Receiver Network Communication Rules Protocol
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Types of Signals
Voice Video & High quality video Data
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Medium
Copper - Electrical Wireless - Microwave / Radio Fiber - Optical Satellite*
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Multiplexing Techniques
TDM FDM WDM STDM
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Transmission Types
Asynchronous Plesiochronous Synchronous

Transmission Protocols
ATM Frame Relay IP TCP
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Types of Networks

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LAN, WAN, MAN GAN Long Haul Submarine Metro Access

Network Topologies

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Star Network Hierarchical Mesh Bus Ring Hybrid Private & Public

Types of Circuits
Point-to-Point Multi-Point 2 and 4 Wire Digital Wire, Twisted Pair, Coaxial,

Optical,Wireless
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PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

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COMPARISION OF SDH / PDH

PDH SDH The reference clock is not synchronized The reference clock is synchronized throughout the network throughout the network. Multiplexing / Demultiplexing operations have to be performed from one level to the next level step by step. The payload is not transparent. PDH system has different frame structures at different hierarchy levels. Physical cross-connections on the same level on DDF are forced if any
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The synchronous multiplexing results in simple access to SDH system has consistent frame structures throughout the hierarchy. The payload is transparent SDH system has consistent frame structures throughout the hierarchy. Digital cross- connections are provided at different signal levels and in different ways on NMS

Comparison (Contd.)
PDH G.702 specifies maximum 45Mpbs & 140Mpbs & no higher order (faster) signal structure is not specified PDH system does not bear capacity to transport B-ISDN signals. Few services are available Limited amount of extra capacity for user / management Bit - by - bit stuff multiplexing SDH G.707 specified the first level of SDH.That is, STM-1, Synchronous Transport Module 1st Order & higher. (STM-1,STM-4,STM-16, STM-64) SDH network is designed to be a transport medium for B-ISDN, namely ATM structured signal. It will transport variety of services. It will transport service bandwidths Sufficient number of OHBs is available Byte interleaved synchronous multiplexing.

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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

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Contents
Introduction SDH frame format and structure Payload and Virtual container SDH multiplexing Technique Function of Section, Multiplex section over head and pointer bytes Operations (consolidation and grooming) Check your learning
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History
Bellcore originally proposed SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork 1985ANSI T1X1 committee agreed the proposal 1986 CCITT SDH standards published: G.707, G.708, G.709 1987 Bellcore submitted SONET to CCITT much European opposition
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History (Contd)
PDH Transmission Rates
Hierarchica l Level
0 1 2 3 4
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American DS-x
64 1544 6312 44736 139264

European CEPT-x
64 2048 8448 34368 139264

Japanese
64 1544 6312 32064 97728

International
64 2048 6312 44736 139264

History (contd)
Note the various differences and hence the standardization problem Compromises Basic rate for SONET increased to 51.840 Mbs to permit more bandwidth for OAM - concession to Europeans - a good move. Europeans dropped demand for level 2 and 3 rates to be directly supported. SDH/SONET merged on DS-3 and CEPT-4 rates
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Summary
SONET is a digital hierarchy interface conceived by Bellcore and defined by ANSI for use in North America. SDH is (a) a network node interface (NNI) defined by CCITT/ITUTS for worldwide use and partly compatible with SONET; and (b) one of two options for the user-network interface (UNI) (i.e., the customer connection), and formally the U referencepoint interface for support of BISDN.
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Data Transmission Rates

A number of transmission rates are defined/possible:
STS-1, STS-3, STS-9, STS-12, STS-18, STS24, STS-36, STS-48, STS-192 , STS-768?? STM-1, STM-3, STM-4, STM-6, STM-8, STM-12, STM-16, STM-64, STM-256??
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Data Transmission Rates(contd)

Optical Carrier Level OC-1 * * OC-3 OC-12 OC-24 * * OC-48 OC-192 Electrical Equivalent / SDH STS-1 STS-3/ STM1 STS-12/STM4 STS-24 STS-48/STM16 STS-192/STM64 Line Rate (Mb/s) 51.84 155.52 622.08 1,244.16 2,488.32 9,953.28

OC-768

STS-768/STM256

39813.12

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STM-N Frame Format

STM - "Synchronous Transport / Transmission Module"
STM-N general format Basic frame STM-1 consists of 270 x 9 = 2430 octets 9 x 9 = 81 octets section overhead 2349 octets payload Higher rate frames are derived from multiples of STM-1 according to value of N
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Frame Structure

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Payload details

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Elements of SDH

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Container (C) Virtual Container (VC) Tributary Unit (TU) Tributary Unit Group (TUG) Administrative Unit (AU) Administrative Unit Group (AUG) Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM N)

Container
Input signals are placed into the containers It adds stuffing bytes for PDH signals,which compensates for the permitted frequency deviation between the SDH system and the PDH signal
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C12 (2 Mbps G.703) C11 (1.5 Mbps) C2 (6 Mbps) C3 (34 / 45 Mbps) C4 (140 Mbps)

Container(Contd)
ALIGNMENT : It is a process of adopting the incoming PDH signals into containers i.e. PCM 30 or 2Mbps to C12.
ANALOGY 1. Putting 30 mobile phones in one polythene bag 2. Packing the above polyethene bag in one carton box along with some packing material. 3. The above packing material called bytes
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2Mbps or PCM30

Alignment Stuffing

Virtual Container
MAPPING : It is a process from Containers to
Virtual containers.
POH

PAYLOAD

POH

PAYLOAD

ANALOGY: Packing C2 carton box with some more packing material and labeled as VC2 box
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Mapping (Asynchronous)
Mapping is a process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by adding justification bits and Path overhead information The 2 Mbps signals are not synchronized to the SDH signal.It imposes no signal structure requirements, so 2 Mbps signals using this mapping do not need to be framed.This allows easy interface with existing PDH systems as variable bit justification occurs as part of this type of 2Mbps mapping.
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Bit Synchronous Mapping

The rate of 2Mbps signals are synchronized to the SDH signal, but the framing of the 2Mbps signal is not synchronized to SDH signal.It imposes no signal structure requirements, so no need to be framed. Variable bit justification does not take place, so 2 Mbps to be mapped must already be synchronized to SDH network. Generally used for national networks only.
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Byte Synchronous Mapping

Here both rate and framing of 2Mbps signal are synchronized to SDH signal. Bit justification does not take place. Two types Floating mode :- uses VC-12 pointers. Locked mode :- avoids using VC-12 pointers. To reduce cost of VC-12 pointer processors.

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Virtual Container
It adds overheads to a container or groups of tributary units, that provides facilities for supervision and maintenance of the end to end paths VCs carry information end to end between two path access points through the SDH system VCs are designed for transport and switching sub-SDH payloads VC12 (C12 + POH) VC11 (C11 + POH) VC2 (C2 + POH) VC3 (C3 + POH) VC4 (C4 + POH) 33

Virtual Container (contd.)

At each level, subdivisions of capacity can float individually between the payload areas of adjacent frames. Each subdivision can be readily located by its own pointer that is embedded in the overheads. The pointer is used to find the floating part of the AU or TU, which is called a virtual container (VC).
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Virtual Container (contd.)

The AU pointer locates a higher-order VC, and the TU pointer locates a lower-order VC. For example, an AU3 contains a VC3 plus a pointer, and a TU2 contains a VC2 plus a pointer. A VC is the payload entity that travels across the network, being created and dismantled at or near the service termination point.
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Tributary Unit
It adds pointers to the VCs This pointer permits the SDH system to compensate for phase differences within the SDH network and also for the frequency deviations between the SDH networks TUs acts as a bridge between the lower order path layer and higher order path layer TU12 (VC12 + pointer) TU2 (VC2 + pointer) TU3 (VC3 + pointer)

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Tributary Unit Group

It defines a group of tributary units that are multiplexed together As a result, a TU group could contain one of the following combinations Three TU-12s (TUG 2) Seven TUG-2s (TUG 3)

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Administrative Unit

It adds pointer to the HO Virtual containers(similar to the tributary unit) AU - 3 (VC-3 + pointer) AU - 4 (VC-4 + pointer)

Administrative Unit Group

It defines a group of administrative units that are multiplexed together to form higher order STM signal

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Synchronous Transport Module n

It adds section overhead (RSOH & MSOH) to a number of AUGs that adds facilities for supervision & maintenance of the multiplexer & regenerator sections This is the signal that is transmitted on the SDH line The digit n defines the order of the STM signal

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STM-1 frame structure

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SDH Multiplexing Process

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STM-1 frame structure (contd..)

As indicated in the figure, the STM n signal is multiples of frames consisting of 9 rows with 270 bytes in each row The order of transmission of information is first from left to right and then from top to bottom The first 9 bytes in each row are for information and used by the SDH system itself.This area is divided into 3 parts Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH) Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH) Pointers

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SDH Generalised Multiplexing Structure

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Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

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Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

Stuffing bytes are added in the container one at the head and the other at the tail of each frame The lower order POHs are added at the head of each frame in the VC12 Adding of pointers takes place at the head of each frame in the TU12 Three parallel TU12s are multiplexed to form a TUG-2 Seven TUG-2s are multiplexed to form a TUG-3 Multiplexing of three TUG3s with stuffing bytes at the header forms the input to VC4
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Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

Higher order path over heads are added at this level, which is the input to AU4 The location of the starting byte J1(VC-4) is written in pointer bytes H1 and H2. This process is defined as pointer processing AUG, performs the function of concatenation in case of higher order STMs In STM-1,virtually there is no difference between AUG and AU-4 AUG is attached with SOH, to form an STM-1 (1st order of Synchronous Transport module)
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Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

2.048 Mbps
(E1)
1 2 3
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32 Bytes
Stuffing Bytes

C-12

1 23

32

34 Bytes

POH (Lower Order)

VC-12

1 23

32

35 Bytes

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Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

Pointer

TU-12
36 Bytes

TU 12 is arranged Into Matrix of 9 X 4

9 Rows

4 Columns

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Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

TU-12 TU-12 TU-12

9 Rows

4 Columns Multiplexing

4 Columns

4 Columns

TUG-2

9 Rows

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12 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

7 TUG-2s

Stuffing Bytes

X 7 TUG-2

TUG-3(multiplexing)

TUG 3

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86 Columns

84 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

TUG - 3 TUG - 3 TUG - 3
86 Columns

VC - 4

X 3 TUG3

HOPOH Stuffing Bytes

258 Columns 261 Columns

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Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal

VC - 4
POH

9 rows

Pay Load

261 Columns AU 4 (Adding Pointer)

AU Pointer 4 th Row
POH

Pay Load

9 Columns

261 Columns

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STM-1 frame structure

1-3 rows 4th row

RSOH
AU Pointer

PAY LOAD

5-9 rows

MSOH

9 Columns

261 Columns 270 Columns

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SDH Over Heads

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STM-1 Section Overhead

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Regenerator Section Overhead

A1 & A2 Framing Bytes These two bytes indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame

J0 Regenerator Section Trace Its used to transmit a Section Access Point Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter

Identifies by a number in the individual STM 1s of a higher order STM - n

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RSOH (contd.)
B1- Bit Interleaved parity (BIP-8) This is a parity code (even parity), used to check for transmission errors over a regenerator section Its value is calculated over all bits of the previous STM-N frame after scrambling, then placed in the B1 byte of STM-1 before scrambling E1 Engineering Order wire This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between regenerators This byte functionality is available at both multiplexers and Regenerators
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Bit Interleaved parity (BIP)

Each bit in BIP will indicate the parity of all respective bits in the previous frame. Ex : Transmitted signal = 01100100 10000110 10100100 BIP calculation = 01000110

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BIP (contd)
Regenerator section BIP is calculated over the entire signal including all RSOH,MSOH,VC-4 POH and payload of the previous frame..The result is placed in B1 for a STM-1. MS BIPs are calculated over the previous STM-1 frame,minus RSOH, and placed in the B2 bytes. Path BIP are calculated over the previous frame, minus RSOH and MSOH and are found in the B3 byte of every STM-1.
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RSOH (contd.)
F1 User Channel This byte is set aside for the users purposes D1 to D3 Data Communication Channel These three bytes form a 192 kbps DCC for Operation & management of the SDH System Network management system sends / receives provisioning, security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring command / response by way of DCC

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Multiplex Section Overhead

B2 Bit Interleaved parity (BIP 24) This is used to determine if a transmission error has occurred over a multiplex section. It is even parity, and is calculated over all bits of the MS Overhead and the STM-N frame (except the regenerator section) of the previous STMN frame before scrambling The value is placed in the three B2 bytes of the MS Overhead before scrambling. These bytes are provided for all STM-1 signals in an STM-N signal
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MSOH (contd.)
K1 & K2 Multiplex Section Protection These two bytes are used for MSP signaling between multiplex level entities for bi-directional automatic protection switching and for communicating Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) and Remote Defect Indication (RDI) conditions D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel These nine bytes form a 576 kbps DCC for Operation & management of the multiplexers on a SDH line Network management system sends / receives provisioning, security, status / control alarm and performance monitoring command / response by way of DCC
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K1 Byte Allocation
Bits 1234 1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000 Condition,state or external request Lockout of protection Forced switching Signal fail, high priority Signal fail, low priority Signal degrade, high priority Signal degrade, low priority Unused Manual switch Priority High .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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K1 Byte Allocation
Bits 1234 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000 Condition,state or external request Unused Wait to restore Unused Exercise Unused Reverse request Do not revert No request Priority .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Low

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K1 Byte Allocation
Bits 5678 1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000 Channel Requesting switch action no. 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 Extra Traffic channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel

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K1 Byte Allocation
Bits 5678 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000 Channel Requesting switch action no. 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Null channel

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K2 Byte Allocation
Bits 1234 1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000 Channel no. Requesting switch action 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 Extra traffic channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel

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K2 Byte Allocation
Bits 1234 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000 Channel Requesting switch action no. 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Working channel Null channel

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K2 Byte Allocation
Bit 5 1 0 MSP switch architecture 1: n architecture 1+ 1 architecture

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K2 Byte Allocation
Bits 678 111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000
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Status MS AIF MS FERF Future use Future use Future use Future use Future use Future use

Automatic Protection Switching

APS is the capability of a transmission system to detect a failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby facility to recover the traffic. Only the Multiplex Section in SDH is protected in this automatic fashion. MS protection mechanism is coordinated by K1 and K2 bytes. Path protection is managed at a higher level by network management functions
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APS (contd)
Protection Switching is initiated due to : Signal failure Signal degradation In response to commands from a local craft terminal or a remote network manager. Two modes of APS are provided 1+1 Protection 1:N protection
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1+1 Protection switching

Near End Far End
Normal condition
Working Protection

One signal is chosen per pair

Source

Destination

Failure condition The best signal is chosen

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1: N Protection switching
Near End
Working

Far End
Normal condition Protection on channel empty
Protection

Near End
Working

Far End
Failure condition Protection channel contains failed line

Protection

Source
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Destination

MSOH (contd.)
E2 Engineering Order wire This byte is allocated to be used as a local order wire channel for voice communication between multiplexers This byte is not accessible at the regenerators

M1 - Remote Error indication It is used to indicate the MS layer remote error indication (MS-REI)

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MSOH (contd.)
S1 Synchronization status message byte (SSMB) Bits 5 to 8 of this S1 byte are used to carry the synchronization messages
0000 0010 0100 1000 1011 Quality unknown (existing sync. network) G.811 PRC (Primary Reference Clock) G.812 transit SSU-A (Synchronisation Supply Unit - A) G.812 local SSU-B (Synchronisation Supply Unit B) G.813 Option 1 SEC (Synchronous Equipment Timing Clock)

1111 Do not use for synchronization. This message may be emulated by equipment failures and will be emulated by
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Multiplex Section AIS signal.

SDH Pointers

H1

H2 1

H3 H3 H3

Use of Pointers H1 & H2 = VC payload pointer It indicates the starting position of VC H3 = Negative Justification 1 = All 1s It is also used for justification AU pointer is also used for concatenation Y = 1001SS11 (S bits unspecified) SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the phase and frequency of the Virtual Containers (VC-n) with respect to the STM-N frame Lower-order pointers are also provided to permit phase differences between VC-12/VC-2 and the higher-order VC3/VC-4 To accomplish this, a process known as byte stuffing is used
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Pointers (contd.)
The value of the pointer has a range of 0 to 782 For example, If the VC-4 Payload Pointer has a value of 0, then the VC4 begins in the byte adjacent to the H3 byte of the Overhead; If the Payload Pointer has a value of 87 (since each row of the payload has 86 positions), then the VC-4 begins in the byte adjacent to the K2 byte of the overhead in the byte of the next row The pointer value, which is a binary number, is carried in bits 7 through 16 of the H1-H2 pointer word.
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Pointers (contd.)
Positive Pointer Justification

When the data rate of the VC is too slow in relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame, positive stuffing must occur. An additional byte is stuffed in, allowing the alignment of the container to slip back in time. This is known as positive stuffing

Negative Pointer Justification

Conversely, when the data rate of the VC is too fast in relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame, that negative stuffing must occur. Because the alignment of the container advances in time, the payload capacity must be moved forward. Thus, actual data is written in the H3 byte, the negative stuff opportunity within the Overhead; this is known as negative stuffing
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AU AU-4 Pointer Pointer justification 4 Positive Positive Justification

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

Positive justification opportunity

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

To next Row To next Row VC-4 Boundary

Points out Start of VC-4

H1 Y Y

H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

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AU 4 Positive Pointer Justification AU-4 Pointer Negative justification

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Negative justification opportunity

Points out Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary
From next row From next row

Points out H1 Y Y H2 1 1

Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

H1 Y Y

H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Points out Start of VC-4

VC-4 Boundary

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Path OverHead

TCM Tandem Connection Monitoring

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Path Overhead
J1- Path trace Starting point of VC It is used to transmit repetitively a path access point identifier, similar to J0

B3 Path Bit Interleaved Parity BIP- 8 Error Monitoring over the previous VC-4 frame. Even parity is used to monitor path errors

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POH (contd.)
C2 Signal Label It is defined to indicate the composition or the maintenance of the VC-4
Binary 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0011 0000 0100 0001 0010 0001 0011 0001 0100
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Hex 00 01 02 03 04 12 13 14 15

Mapping Unequipped Equipped,non specific TUG structure Locked TU 34 / 45 Mbps into C3 (async) 140 Mbps into C4 (async) ATM MAN (DQDB) FDDI

0001 0101

POH (contd.)
G1- Path status It is defined to send back the path status and performance to where the path is generated F2,F3 Path User Channels It is assigned for user communication purposes between path elements by the network operator H4 Multi frame Indicator
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H4 byte provides the multiframe information

POH (contd.)
K3 Automatic protection switching(APS) channel (b1-b4) are assigned for APS signaling for protection at the VC-4/3 path labels N1 Network operator Byte The tandem connection monitoring function is currently not used

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Benefits of SDH

87

Benefits of SDH
Pointers, Mux/Demux Reduced back to back multiplexing Optical Interconnect Multi Point Configuration Grooming Enhanced OAM Enhanced Performance monitoring
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Operations
Managing capacity in the network involves such operations as the following: a. protection, for circuit recovery in milliseconds a. restoration, for circuit recovery in seconds or minutes a. provisioning, for the allocation of capacity to preferred routes destinations for each type of traffic
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Operations ( contd)
a. consolidation, or the funneling of traffic from unfilled bearers onto fewer bearers in order to reduce waste of traffic capacity b. grooming, or the sorting of different traffic types from mixed payloads into separate

90

Consolidation and Grooming

91

Routing Function of a Typical ADM

92

SDH Network Elements

93

SDH Network elements

Terminal multiplexer Regenerator Add / Drop Multiplexer Cross connect Wide-band Digital cross connect Broad band Digital cross connect

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Terminal Multiplexer
STM-1 E1 E1 E3 E3 STM-1 VC STM-N STM-N STM 1

Regenerator
STM-N STM-N

95

Add / Drop Multiplexer

STM-N STM-N STM-N TU AU-4 STM-N E1 E4 STM-N STM-N STM-N

STM-N

2 Mbps 140 Mbps

96

Wide Band Digital Cross Connect

TU 12 Switch Matrix TU-12 STM-N TU-12 STM-1 TU-12 ` E1 TU-12 E4

STM-N STM-N

STM-1

2 Mbps

140 Mbps

Broad Band Digital Cross Connect

Transparent Switch Matrix AU-4 STM-N AU-4 STM-N AU-4 E1 ` AU-4 E4

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STM-N STM-N

STM-1

2 Mbps

140 Mbps

Topologies

98

Network Configurations
Point to Point Point to Multipoint Mesh Architecture Ring Architecture

99

Point to Point
PTE
Regen

PTE

Point to Multi point

PTE Regen ADM Regen PTE

100

Ring Architecture
ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

101

Mesh Topology

102

Synchronization
Clock type Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Slave clock (transit node) Slave clock (local node) SDH network-element clock Related CCITT recommendation G.811 G.812 G.812 Under definition (G.81s)

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