Medical diagnosis is extraction & interpretation of information for corrective treatment Diagnostic radiography is a method of attaining this information

Radiographic image is in visual form Lets have a closer look on the flow of information. It is considered in 3 stages 1. Formation of Invisible Image 2. Conversion into Visible light Image 3. Viewing,perception & interpretation

Stage 1 : Forming Invisible Image

During exam x-ray passes through patient Now at this stage, beam has no information As it penetrates body tissues, it is modified or modulated & attenuated depending on tissue it passed. Emerging beam is not uniform It displays patterns of intensities which has information about structures.

We can call it as Invisible x-ray image Below is the diagram of image formation

Basic Theory
B Bone, opaque A Hollow gas filled organ Bone & organ is surrounded by tissue So RI is a pattern of radiation through patient to film.

Stage 2 : Conversion of Invisible image to Visible form a. By employing Photographic effect of xrays on film When film is exposed & chemically treated,it is permanently darkened depending on exposure level Photographic material used is Direct exposure x-ray film

b. By employing XeroRadiographic Process An electrically charged imaging plate is exposed like film. How does it react to radiation ????? It reacts by leaking charge from exposed areas & retaining charge on unexposed areas During processing,fine tone powder blown across the plate adheres charged areas forming an image Paper-based Receptor. (For later discussion)

c. By employing Fluorescent effect on films. Exposure to fluorescent screen gives emission of visible light Exposure. Visible pattern can be recorded permanently on a film placed in intimate contact with screen. This screen is known as Intensifying Screen & film recording the image is known as Screen type X-ray film.Images in both films are same. An x-ray film ( either direct or screen type) is known as a RADIOGRAPH

d. By employing Photon- stimulated Luminescence Phosphor coated imaging plate is exposed. Energy absorbed is stored till stimulated by laser, which does a systematic scan on the plate. When stimulated light is emitted & Brightness X-ray exposure Light output Digital signal Computer reconstruction Print is taken by a Laser imager Such a system is known as Computer Radiography

Stage 3: Viewing, Perception & Interpretation What to do with Diagnostic image on TV or film????????????? Viewing conditions matters While viewing, what all should be in mind?? Identification: Name Date of Birth Date & time of examination Hospital No: & code Even physiology & psychology of observer is considered !!!!

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