Wellcome to

TOEFL Preparation! Section II: Structure Structure* Lic. Ruth Esther ngel Torres (reangel@itesm.mx)

*Contributed by Gabriela Ulloa, adapted by Ruth ngel.

Textbook
 Rogers, Bruce. COMPLETE GUIDE to the

TOEFL Test. United States: Heinle & Heinle, 2001.

Resource materials
 Longmans Preparation Course for the

TOEFL Test: The Paper Test. AddisonWesley Longman, Inc., 2001.

 Maurer, Jay. Focus on Grammar: An

Advanced Course for Reference and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Addison W. Longman, 2000.

TOEFL Preparation Section II: Structure

This is a ten-hour module that is part of an intensive TOEFL course, and was designed to help you improve your grammar skills. Although we will not be able to answer all the exercises in the book, we will review the most common problems you may face in the structure section of the TOEFL exam.

Review
 Parts of Speech: adjective, adverb,

noun, verb, pronoun, preposition, article, conjunctions (Words at Work-exercise)  Characteristics of sentence, clause and phrase  Conjugated vs. Non-conjugated verb forms (infinitive, gerund, past participle, base form)  How to identify main subject and main verb (exercise)  Word usage

Sentence vs.Clause vs. Phrase

 Sentence = subject + conjugated verb

Ex. Mexican people are hard workers.

 Clause = synonym of conjugated verb

Ex. Because it will be too late.

 Phrase = two or more words

Ex. Mexican people, will be

Lesson 13: Independent Clauses

 Simple Sentence  Children enjoy games.

(one clause)
 Compound Sentence  Tom is tired, yet he is not

(coord. conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)

 Complex Sentence

going to sleep.

 Because it was raining,

(subordinating conjunction -since, because, if, after-, or relative pronoun -that, which, who-)

Teresa went inside.

Lesson 13: Independent Clauses



Clauses with It and There.

1. There are many illegal workers in New York City. 2. It is important to be punctual for appointments. Problem: Problem It and There may be missing from the stem.

Lesson 14: Adjective Clauses

Adjective clause markers:  Relative pronouns: who, which, that  Relative adverbs: when, where Examples:  This is the patient that needs surgery.  This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.

Lesson 15: Adverb Clauses

Adverb clause markers:  Subordinating conjunctions: since, although, if, unless, while, as, until, etc.  Adverbs: while, when, wherever, etc. Examples:  I wont lose weight unless I exercise.  If Santa exists, I am Superman.  Put that box wherever you want. Important: Important Review prepositions p. 165.

Lesson 16: Noun Clauses

Examples:  That diamonds are a form of carbon has been known for centuries.  It is a fact that you are the witness.  I dont know if (whether) my boss was invited.  Please tell me what you need. Important: Important: Noun clauses answer the question What? What?.

Lesson 17: Parallelism

 Parallel structures have the same

grammatical form and function. Ex: She spends her leisure time playing cards, reading and bicycling.
 Parallel structures are also required

with correlative conjunctions such as either...or or not only...but also. Ex: Either Mark or Sue has the book.

Lesson 18: Word Forms (p.184-188)

 competition, competitiveness, competitive (ly)  deepen, depth, deep  decide, decided (ly) / decisive (ly)  beauty, beautiful (ly)  prohibition, prohibitive (ly) / prohibited  surgery, surgical  poetry, poet  technology, technical / technological  administrator, administrative  finance, financer

Lesson 18: Word Forms -ly Adjectives (Longman, p. 204)

costly early friendly kindly likely lively lonely manly daily hourly monthly nightly quarterly weekly yearly lovely northerly easterly southerly westerly

Lesson 19: Do vs. Make

 Do means:  Make means:

1. to perform / to act 2. to complete 3. to accomplish Example: Can you do me a favor?

1. to produce 2. to create 3. to construct Example: My sister makes delicious cakes.

Write each word in the appropriate column under the correct verb (do / make / take). advances research your time a law a point money an airplane an experiment a promise your best a contribution a good job an offer a chance a prediction medicine homework

business (with) harm to damage medication

do /
an experiment research your best a good job homework business harm to damage

Answer key make / take

advances a promise
a contribution

a prediction a law a point an offer money

a chance your time medicine an airplane medication

Lesson 19: Word Choice

SO The screen was so big that I could see it. (so + adj) SUCH It was such a beautiful day. They were such happy children. (such + (adj) + noun) TOO Negative connotation The sweater was too big for her to wear it. AS Jane did as well as I did in the exam. (as ... as)

Lesson 19: Another vs. Other

 Another: Adjective  Another: Pronoun that

that goes with singular nouns. Example: I bought another pencil (one more pencil, an additional one).
 Other: Adjective

is used instead of singular nouns. Example: I bought another.

 Others: Pronoun that

that goes with plural nouns. Example: I waited for other tourists.

is used instead of plural nouns. Example: We came by bus. Others came by taxi.

Lesson 19: Much vs. Many

Uncountable nouns  Much (work)  Little fun (not enough)  A little money (some+)  Less, the least (interesting)  Amount, amounts (of sugar) Countable nouns  Many (assignments)  Few dollars (not enough)  A few dollars (some+)  Fewer, the fewest
 Number (of people)

Lesson 19: Most vs. Almost p.199

 Most means

majority

 Almost means nearly

Example: Most of the people were early to the meeting.

Example: I have almost finished reading the book.

Lesson 19: Twice vs. Double p.199

 Twice is an adverb

that means two times.

 Double is a verb.

Example: He makes twice as much as Anne does.

Example: He doubled his salary with his new promotion.

Lesson 19: Earliest vs. Soonest p.199

 Earliest means

first, most distant in time.

 Soonest means

most promptly.

 It makes reference

 It makes reference

to the past.

to the future.

Example: These are the earliest (first) known examples of the artists work.

Example: The sooner you arrive the better it will be for your promotion.

Lesson 19: Percent vs. Percentage p.199

 Percent goes with a 

number.

Percentage goes with an article or article + adjective.

Example: Twenty-five percent of the people arrived early.

Examples: The percentage of people who arrived early was really low. vs. The low percentage of attendees disappointed the speaker.

Lesson 19: Somewhat vs. Some p.199

 Somewhat is and

adverb that means slightly.

 Some is an

Example: Rude people can be somewhat disgusting.

adjective that refers to an indefinite number and goes with a noun.

Example: Some people are really disgusting.

Lesson 19: After vs. Afterwards p.199

 After is a preposition  Afterwards is an

used before a noun or as an adverbial clause marker. Examples: 1. After dinner, we can go to the movies. 2. After he was operated, he had to stay three days in the intensive care unit.

adverb that means after that.

Example: We had dinner and afterwards we went to the movies.

Lesson 19: Ago vs. Before p.199

 Ago makes  Before is a

reference to the past. Example: Three years ago we went to Europe.

preposition (a time earlier than some other point).

Example: Before we went to Europe, we had to get our passports.

Lesson 19: Tell vs. Say p.199

 Tell someone  Say something

(no specific listener) 1. Tell a story 2. Tell the truth, a lie 3. Tell a secret 4. Tell time 5. I told him to come earlier. 1. Say something to someone (tell) 2. Grandpa said that we had to take care of him. 3. Grandpa said to us that we had to take care of him.

Lesson 19: Ever vs. Never p.200

 Ever is a negative  Never is not used

word.

with a negative.

Examples: Examples: 1. Ever since. 1. He never goes to that club. 2. He hardly ever goes 2. He never visits his to that club. relatives. 3. He doesnt ever visit his relatives.

Lesson 19: Alive vs. Live p.199

 Alive is an

adjective used after linking verbs be (be forms, appear, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste). taste

 Live is used before

a noun.

Example: The plants were alive.

Example: Live plants are more colorful than artificial ones.

Lesson 19: Around vs. Round p. 200

 Around is a

preposition that means in a circular path.

 Round is an

adjective that goes with nouns.

Example: Go around the block and youll find the hardware store.

Example: The new building will be a round tower.

Lesson 19: Age vs. Old p. 200

 Age is a noun.  Old is an adjective.

Examples: 1. At the age of twenty, he took a backpack trip to South America. 2. He was twenty years of age when he took a backpack trip to South America.

Example: He was twenty years old when he took a backpack trip to South America.

Lesson 19: Near vs. Nearly

 Near is an adjective

p. 200

that means close to.

 Nearly is an adverb

that means almost.

Example: We closed the near door.

Example: I had nearly finished my job when the blackout occured.

Lesson 19: Predicate Adjectives

(Longman, p. 205)

 A predicate adjective appears after a

linking verb (be forms, appear, become, be feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste taste).
 It cannot appear directly in front of the

noun that it describes.

Lesson 19: Predicate Adjectives

(Longman, p. 205)

Predicate Adjectives alike alive alone, lonely afraid asleep

Forms used in front of Nouns like, similar live, living lone frightened sleeping

Lesson 19: Predicate Adjectives

(Longman, p. 205)

Correct the mistake: 1. Are you going to be lone tonight? 2. The afraid child cried for his mother. 3. She tried to walk quietly by the asleep dogs without waking them. 4. The girl was feeling lonely in the frightened house.

Lesson 19: Predicate Adjectives

(Longman, p. 205)

Answers: 1. Are you going to be alone tonight? 2. The frightened child cried for his mother. 3. She tried to walk quietly by the sleeping dogs without waking them. 4. The girl was feeling lonely in the frightening house.

Lesson 20: Verbs Subject-Verb agreement

 Two subjects take a plural verb.

Ex: The lab and the library are in Building Two.

 Some words that end in s are singular.

Ex: Ethics, Mathematics, news.

 Plural nouns take plural verbs.

Ex. The syllabi are posted in BB.

Lesson 20: Verbs Subject-Verb agreement

 There can be singular or plural.  Each and every are singular.  The number of is singular.

Ex: The number of students with high IQ scores is impressing.  A number of is plural. Ex: A considerable number of students come frequently for tutoring.

Lesson 20: Verb Tenses

 Simple tenses  Progressive tenses  Perfect tenses  Perfect progressive tenses  Modals
 Simple:

will, would, may, might, could, can  With have: will have gone  Past: may have come, could have given

Lesson 21: Participles Present participle Combine the two sentences and make a relative clause using who. 1.The president is meeting with his advisors. 2. He is now preparing to give a speech.

Lesson 21: Participles Present participle

Answers:  The president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors.
 The president, now preparing to give a

speech, is meeting with his advisors.

 Now preparing to give a speech, the

president is meeting with his advisors.

Clue: Active construction

Lesson 21: Participles Past participle Combine the two sentences and make a relative clause using which. 1.The White House is the home of the president. 2. It is located in Washington.

Lesson 21: Participles Past participle

Answers:  The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president.
 The White House, located in Washington, is

the home of the president.

 Located in Washington, the White House is

the home of the president.

Clue: Passive construction.

Lesson 22: Gerunds vs. Past Participles

 Use past participles to express the way you

feel. Example:  I am interested in the topic.  I feel interested.

 Use gerunds to express the way things are

or to make a description. Example:  The topic is interesting. (I am saying what the topic is like).

Lesson 22: Gerunds vs. Past Participles Contrast:  It was an exhausting ten-kilometer race. What was the race like? vs.
 The exhausted runners were too tired to

move after the race. How did the runners feel?

Lesson 22: Gerunds vs. Past Participles Find the mistake

1. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave. 2. The food placing in the picnic table attracted a large number of flies. 3. The president of the company, needed a vacation, boarded the plane to Ibiza. 4. We will return the merchandise purchasing yesterday.

Lesson 22: Gerunds vs. Past Participles

Answers: 1. The children sitting in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave. 2. The food placed in the picnic table attracted a large number of flies. 3. The company president, needing a vacation, boarded the plane to Ibiza. 4. We will return the merchandise purchased yesterday.

Lesson 22: Use of Gerunds

 Subject  Exercising is good for

health.

 Objects of verbs

 He enjoys singing Opera.

 Object of prepositions

 You can learn by doing.

 Verb + preposition

combination

 I dont rely on having the

secretary sending the mail.

Lesson 22: Use of Gerunds

 Phrases that contain

to to:

 I am looking forward

to hearing from you soon.  Martin Luther King lead a movement devoted to defending civil rights.  We were used to driving for long hours.  We are getting used to living in N.Y.

Lesson 22: Infinitives

 He took lessons to  Why an action takes

learn how to dance.

place (purpose purpose):

 To learn how to dance,

he took lessons.
 In order to learn how

to dance, he took lessons.

 He took lessons in

order to learn how to dance.

Lesson 22: Infinitives

 It is important to  After certain

adjectives:

change the oil in your car.

 Its impossible to stop

violence.
 Its hard to find a book

printed in the 1800s.

 Its essential to

recycle.

Lesson 22: Infinitives

 The first person to  After nouns:

walk on the moon was Neil Armstrong.

 (first, last, only)  Passive infinitves

(to be + pp to pp):

 Nancy Rae was the

only person to be asked to speak at the ceremony.

Lesson 22: Base Form of Verbs Verbs without to to

 Imperative: Call me later.  Modals: They will call you tonight.  Used after have, make, let, help and would

rather.

Examples: 1. Mark had the carpenter repair the door. 2. I helped my son do his homework. 3. She made us clean up the room. 4. Hed rather stay than go fishing.

Lesson 22: Use of Infinitives Use a gerund after a preposition. Examples: 1. Im thinking of drinking more water. 2. Zovirax is used for treating herpes.


Use an infinitive after to. Example: To treat herpes doctors recommend Zovirax.


Lesson 23: Personal Pronouns

Subject I You He She It We They Object Me You Him Her It Us Them
Possessive

Reflexive Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Themselves

Demonstrative This That These Those

Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Theirs

Lesson 23: Pronouns

Subject Object Before the conjugated verb. He is happy. After the conjugated verb. You should invite her her. After a preposition. Look at them them! Possessive This is his car and that is mine. mine. Adj. Adj. Pron. Actions that fall upon the person. Ill do it myself myself! To show. These chairs are new. Those are very old.

Possessive

Reflexive Demonstrative

Possessive Pronouns vs. Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

Examples
My brother is Mexican. A friend of mine is Chinese. Your car broke down. The Volvo parked in the corner is yours yours. His suit fits him well. The shoes of his are brown. Her wig looks great. The fashion store is hers hers. The dog was run over by a car. Its leg is its. broken; that leash should be its Our time is almost over. The book of ours is missing. Their letter was opened in the post office. The building is theirs theirs.

My Your His Her Its Our Their

Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Theirs

Lesson 23: Pronouns

Problem 1: Pronoun / noun agreement 1: Find the mistake:


Jack rabbits have powerful rear legs that enable it to leap long distances. A beaver uses its strong front teeth to cut down trees and peel off its bark. Bees collect pollen, which furnishes protein for its diet.

Lesson 23: Pronouns

Problem 2: Pronoun form 2: (personal, reflexive, demonstrative) Find the mistake:  The best way for children to learn science is for them to perform experiments himself.


As larvae, barnacles are free swimming, but as adults they attach them to stones, docks and hulls of ships. Trademarks allow a company to distinguish its products from these of another company.

Lesson 23: Pronouns Problem 3: 3: Incorrect inclusion of pronouns Find the mistake:
 An auger is a tool which a carpenter

uses it to bore holes in wood.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns

Problem: Use of plural instead of singular nouns and viceversa Find the mistake: 1. Mauna Loa, an active volcano on the island of Hawaii, usually has one eruptions every three years. 2. One of the most beautiful state capitol is the Utah State Capitol, located in Salt Lake City.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns

Irregular Plurals Find the mistake: 1. Different criteria was used to evaluate the performers. 2. The syllabi for the course is in the packet. 3. The diagnosis were not very positive. 4. The tooth need to be brushed. 5. The fungi has spread throughout the garden. 6. The crises is not going to be resolved.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns

Irregular Plurals
Answers: 1. Different criteria were used to evaluate the performers. (criterion) 2. The syllabi for the course are in the packet. (syllabus) 3. The diagnosis was not very positive. (diagnoses) 4. The teeth need to be brushed. 5. The fungus has spread throughout the garden. 6. The crisis is not going to be resolved.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns

 Pural

forms of non-count nouns

Find the mistake: Some encyclopedias deal with specific fields, such as music, or philosophy, and provide informations on only those subjects.

Lesson 24: Singular and Plural Nouns

 Plural

Compound Nouns

Find the mistake: Raymond Chandlers detectives stories are admired by both critics and general readers. Clue: Only the second noun of compound nouns is pluralized.

Lesson 24:
Plural Forms of Numbers and Measurements

Find the mistake: Thousand of antibiotics have been developed, but only about thirty are in common use today. Clue: Thousands, billions vs. Seven thousand, two billion.

Lesson 25: Prepositions See pp. 248-251

Lesson 26: Articles The Indefinite Article is used

1. the first time a noun is mentioned. 2. with indefinite singular count nouns (an orange).

Lesson 26: Articles



Use the Definite Article with

1. Specific things, person or place. 2. Unique nouns: The sun 3. Unique adjectives: The best, the first. 4. Geographical features: The Pacific Ocean, The Middle East.

Lesson 26: Articles No Article is used with 1. Plural nonspecific count nouns. Ex: Tec students need 550 in TOEFL.


2. Nonspecific non-count nouns. Ex: Furniture is expensive nowadays. 3. Names of people or designations. Ex: Mr. President, Dr. Jones, etc.

Lesson 27: Word Order

Incorrect
 drivers careful  clothing womens  finished are  a basic extremely idea  baked freshly bread  totally almost  late almost

Correct
 careful drivers  womens clothing  are finished  an extremely basic idea  freshly baked bread  almost totally  almost late

Lesson 27: Word Order Common Errors

Incorrect statements 1. Someone asked me where is the post office. 2. I spoke to John when was he here. 3. Someone asked, Where the post office is? 4. This issue is too much important to ignore. 5. That is enough good. Correct statements 1. Someone asked me where the post office is. 2. I spoke to John when he was here. 3. Someone asked, Where is the post office? 4. This issue is much too important to ignore. 5. That is good enough.

Lesson 27: Word Order- Inversions



The subject and verb are inverted when a clause begins with

1. a negative word. 2. the word only. 3. the word so + an adjective or participle. 4. expressions of place or order.

Lesson 27: Word Order- Inversions Examples: 1. Seldom have I heard such beautiful music. 2. Only in an emergency should you use this exit. 3. So rare is this coin that it belongs in a museum. 4. In front of the museum is a statue.

Lesson 27: Word Order

Find the correct answer:
 Andromeda is a galaxy containing millions of

individual stars, but it is _____ Earth that it looks like a blurry patch of light. (A) so far away from (B) away so far from (C) from so far away (D) away from so far

Lesson 27: Word Order Find the correct answer:

 Not only _____ shade and beauty, but

they also reduce carbon dioxide. (A) do trees provide (B) trees provide (C) provide trees (D) trees do provide

Lesson 27: Word Order Find the mistake: 1. Goods such as flowers fresh and seafood are often shipped by air. 2. A fully grown mountain lion may be eight long feet.

Lesson 28: Conjunctions

 Both...and (addition).

Ex: Both wolves and coyotes are members of the dog family.
 Not only ... but also (addition).

Ex: Dominic studied not only math but also computer science.

Lesson 28: Conjunctions

 Either ... or (choice).

Ex: We need either a nail or a screw.

 Neither ... nor (negation).

Ex: Neither the television nor the stereo had been turned off.
 Whether ... or (choice).

Ex: Harriet couldnt decide whether to study or to go out.

Lesson 28: Conjunctions

Find the correct answer:
 Frederick Law Olmstead demonstrated that

landscape architecture could increase _____ the beauty and the usefulness of parks.
(A) also (B) and (C) both (D) not only

Lesson 28: Conjunctions Find the mistake: 1. X-rays have important applications, not only in medicine and in industry. 2. The air that surrounds our planet is both odorless, colorless, and invisible.

Lesson 29: Comparisons

simpler narrower cleverer politer more/less simple more/less narrow more/less clever more/less polite simplest narrowest cleverest politest most/least simple most/least narrow most/least clever most/least polite

Lesson 29: Comparisons

 Like A, B...  A, like B, ...  A is like B  A and B are alike.  Unlike X, Y...  X, unlike Y, ...  X is unlike Y.  X and Y are not

alike.

Lesson 29: Comparisons

 Like is a verb,  a preposition,  I like ice-cream.  Ice-cream, like

sherbert, are cold desserts.

 John and Tom

 and an adjective.

worked in a like manner.

 Dislike is a verb.  I like ice-cream, but

I dislike sherbert.

Lesson 29: Comparisons

 Unlike is a

preposition.

 Unlike ice-cream,

sherbert is sometimes accompanied by cottage cheese.

 Ice-cream and

 Alike is an

adjective used after be linking verbs (be forms, appear, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste). taste

sherbert are alike in that they are both cold.

Lesson 29: Like vs. As

 Like is a

preposition followed by a pronoun or a noun. Example: I did my paper like yours.

 As is a

conjunction followed by a clause.

Example: I did my paper as you did.

Lesson 29: Comparisons

The word as is used after certain verbs:
     

classify as serve as identify as regard as use as be known as, etc.

Lesson 29: Comparisons Notice the use of the. Superlative:

1. I have just met the most interesting politician. 2. He is considered the funniest of the group.

Proportional Statement:
1. The more you study, the more you learn. 2. The hotter the food is, the harder it is to eat.

Lesson 29: Comparisons

Find the correct answer:
 Subtropical zones _____ temperate zones

but they still have distinct summer and winter seasons. (A) that are warmer (B) warmer (C) are warmer as (D) are warmer than

Lesson 29: Comparisons Find the correct answer:

 ____ other mammals, whales do not

have a sense of smell. (A) not alike (B) unlike (C) unlikely (D) dislike

Lesson 29: Comparisons Find the correct answer:

 _____ the diameter of a circle, the

larger its circumference. (A) Greater than (B) The greater (C) Great as (D) As great as

Lesson 29: Comparisons Find the mistake: 1. Basketball is played at a much fast pace than baseball. 2. The deep oceans contain some of the stranger of all living creatures.

Lesson 29: Comparisons Find the mistake: 1. The most small vessels in the circulatory system are capillaries. 2. Alike their close relatives the frogs, toads are amphibians. 3. Asters, as all perennial plants, bloom once a year.

Lesson 30: Appositives

 An appositive is a reduced adjective clause.  It gives more information about a noun.  It is separated by commas (long version).  It can come immediately after the noun (long

version) or before it (short version).

Lesson 30: Appositives

Examples: 1. Oak, which is one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture (adjective clause). 2. Oak, one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture. 3. One of the most durable hardwoods,oak is often used to make furniture.

Lesson 30: Appositives Find the correct answer:

 The National Road, _____ of the first

highways in North America, connected the East Coast to the Ohio Valley. (A) which one (B) it was one (C) one (D) was one

Lesson 31: Misplaced modifiers

Find the mistake: 1. Walking along the beach, the whale was spotted by the men. 2. Believed to be over 9 000 years old, archaelogists recently found the oldest known piece of cloth. 3. Driving down the road, a herd of sheep suddenly blocked the road in front of Lizas car.

Lesson 31: Misplaced modifiers Find the mistake: 1.While peeling onions, the chefs eyes began to water. 2.Warm and mild, everyone enjoys the climate of the Virgin Islands. 3.Like most cities, parking is a problem in San Franciso.

Lesson 32: Negatives

no Adj Not any There was no milk.

none

Pron Not one

They took a lot of pictures, but almost none of them turned out. There was nothing in his briefcase. No one arrived on time.

nothing

Pron Not anything Pron Not anyone

No one

Lesson 32: Negatives

nor Conj And...not Hes never been fishing, nor does he plan to go. Sue likes her coffee without milk. Ive never been to Alaska.

without Prep Not having never Adv At no time

Lesson 32: Negatives



Both no and not can be used before nouns, depending on the meaning of the sentence.

Examples:
1. There is no coffee in the pot. (Its empty). vs.

2. This is not coffe. (Its tea).

Lesson 32: Negatives

 The adjective no is used before the

word longer to mean not anymore. Example: I no longer read the afternoon paper.

Lesson 32: Negatives

 The word not should be used before an

adjective. Example:
It is not clear at what point in the Earths history its surface solidified.

Lesson 32: Negatives

Find the correct answer:
 There is almost ______ vegetation in the

Badlands, a barren region of South Dakota. (A) not (B) nor (C) none (D) no

This is the end.

I thank you very much for your patience and tolerance during the ten hours we were toghether. I really enjoyed working with you.

I wish you the best!

Lic. Ruth Esther ngel Torres (reangel@itesm.mx)