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The Fundamentals
Damage Assessment
is put into the wellbore and/or formation of some sort are run into
Tubulars
the well
Types of Acid
Mineral
Hydrochloric - HCl Hydrochloric/Hydrofluoric - HCl/HF
Dissolving Capability
HCL 1.84 ppg 28% HCL 3.68 ppg 9:1 mix 7.5% HCL : Acetic 1.64 ppg 9:1 mix 15% HCL : Acetic 2.48 ppg 9:1 mix 28% HCL : Acetic 3.72 ppg 10% Acetic 0.71 ppg
15%
Basic Equation
2HCl + CaCO3 p H2O + CO2 +CaCl2 o o o Water o Salt Gas
1000 1843 1040 6620 2050
Gals
lbs
gals
ft3
lbs
Controlling Factors
Pressure
Add 20, double reaction rate 20 Subtract 20, half the reaction rate 20
Velocity
Controlling Factors
Concentration
Controlling Factors
Formation
Retarded Acids
Gelled
Basic Equation
2HCl + CaCO3 p H2O + CO2 +CaCl2
Retarded Acids
Gelled
acid Mineral/organic mix Common ion Oil-wet barriers Oil Emulsions High concentrations
Acid additives
Corrosion Inhibitors specify time and temperature Surface Active Agents anionic, cationic, Surface Active gents nonionic, amphoteric
Anionic tend to water wet sand, emulsify oil in water, break water in oil emulsions, disperse clays Cationic tend to water wet carbonates, emulsify water in oil, break oil in water emulsions, flocculates clay Anionic and cationic surfactants mix like matter and anti-matter anti Nonionic tends to be the most popular surfactants
2 gpt < 75 F 75 3 gpt < 130 F 130 5 gpt < 200 F 200 7 gpt < 250 F 250 10 gpt < 300 F 300 13 gpt < 350 F 350
solvents (need?) Anti-sludge agents (asphaltic crudes Anti5-20 gpt) Clay stabilizers
sequestering agents
Iron in tubulars, scale and fomation minerals Most treatments minimum control of 1000 mpl requires 10-15 ppt sodium 10erythorbate Control severe iron concerns 5000 mpl
to 120 - 1% acetic + 50 ppt citric 120 120 to 180 - 2% acetic + 100 ppt citric or 120 180 5050-65 ppt sodium erythorbate 180 plus 50-65 ppt sodium erythorbate 180 50 60 60
CleanClean-up
Mill scale Corrosion scale Pipe dope
Pickled tubing
Matrix Acidizing
Below
Wormholes
Fluid
loss rate determines length, inches to feet long Fluid loss additives Viscosity Not a function of reaction rate!
28%
HCl
only!)
Always at matrix rate Permeability dominates Shallow stimulation
HCl/HF Acidizing
Always
need HCl pre-flush pre HF reacts more quickly with clays than silica Dont use sodium, potassium or calcium salt waters for flush Feldspar means use half strength (13.5%:1.5%) Flush with ammonium chloride or HCl spacer
affecting penetration
affecting conductivity
Density Control
Density Control
Overbalanced Surging
Placement of unconventionally small volumes of acid in a fracture mode is not possible in a conventional mode.
k = 100 md
k = 10 md
k = 15 md
Overbalanced Surging
Placement of acid is possible with overbalanced surging even with large variances in permeability
k = 100 md
k = 10 md
k = 15 md
Carbonate Acidizing
5.
6.
Determine fracture gradient Calculate maximum BHTP Calculate maximum allowable STP Estimate injection rate - Darcy radial Determine acid volume 50-200 50gal/ft Specify acid type, volume, rate and max pressure
Fracture Acidizing
Majority
of carbonate reservoir treatments are acid fracs Good conductivity is the key to successful stimulation Productivity increases of 2.5-13 fold 2.5-
Rule of Thumb for Acid Volume Fill the fracture with an acid volume of regular 15% HCl that is three times (3X) the fracture volume to be etched.
Treatment Design
Optimize
the treatment Fracturing calculations Rock composition Closed fracture acidizing (10-20%) (10 Treatment review
General volumes
Acid
wash/soak 10-25 gals/ft 10 Matrix acid 100-200 gals/ft 100 Acid Fracture 400-600 gals/ft 400-
Questions???
Original perforations
16,760 16,830 85/15 split dolomite/limestone
Problems
No cooldown Reaction time ~2 min. Small radius of penetration (50(50100)
Positives
Reservoir has potential!
15% HCL
20% HCL
1 min
2 min
BHT - 177 F
32 min
40 min
down the reservoir Increase the fracture width Rate dependent on pressure Maximize penetration distance Closed fracture acidizing Overflush
First stage
20,000 gals 30# gel 5,000 gals 30# borate x-linked x 20,000 gals 20% HCL
15,000 gals 30# gel 5,000 gals 30# borate x-linked x 15,000 gals 20% HCL
Fracture Proposal
Remove
tubing from well. Fracture stimulate down casing @ 30 BPM using a 35# borate x-linked xsystem and 224,000# 20/40 bauxite in 2-5ppg stages. 2 Lubricate packer. Rerun tubing.
Stimulation Comparison
Acidizing.
No mechanical changes required. No potential for pressure related failures. Conductivity is not predictable. Lower cost.
Fracturing
Requires prep work Potential for early job termination (25%) Potential for pressure related failure (<5%?) Conductivity is predictable High cost/ scheduling
Cost Estimates
Acidizing
Production Results
Pat Sanderson 1-13 #1
History Match on Condensate
5 acid rac Production ata 4 8 acid rac 4 9 prop rac Results 2 acid 8 acid
BOPM
Year
.5
.5
2.5
.5
Initial acid treatment created 50-60 of half50halflength Second treatment created 200-220 of half-length 200half(~200 short of design length) and produced close to prediction for about 1.5 years. Over time the half-length has decreased due to halfclosure or recalcification to a length of 50-60 and 50is back on trend with production prior to second acid job. Conclusions: Second acid job was a huge success!