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Telecommunications and Networks

Networking the Enterprise

Networking

business and employees Connecting them to customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders.

Trends in Telecommunications
Industry

More competitive More options for the firm

Technology

Unrestricted connectivity Easy access for end users

Open systems Use common standards for hardware, software, applications, & networking.

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Technology

(continued)

High degree of interoperability Digital networks

Higher transmission speeds Moves larger amounts of information Greater economy Lower error rates Multiple types of communications on the same circuits

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Technology

(continued)

Fiber-optic lines & cellular, PCS, satellite & other wireless technologies Faster transmission speeds

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Business

applications

Dramatic increase in the number of feasible telecommunication applications. Cut costs, reduce lead times, shorten response times, support e-commerce, improve collaboration, share resources, lock in customers & suppliers, & develop new products & services

The Internet
A

network of networks Popular uses

E-mail Instant

messaging Browsing the World Wide Web Newsgroups and chat rooms

The Internet (continued) The business value of the Internet

Intranets
Within

an organization Uses Internet technologies Business value of Intranets

Used

for information sharing, communication, collaboration, & support of business processes. Web publishing

Comparatively easy, attractive, & lower cost alternative for publishing & accessing multimedia business information

Intranets (Portals)

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Extranets
Network

links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the firms intranet with the intranets of customers, suppliers, or other business partners
Consultants,

subcontractors, business prospects, & others

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Extranets (continued)
Business
Improve

value

communication with customers and business partners Gain competitive advantage in

Product development Cost savings Marketing Distribution Leveraging their partnerships

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Section II

Telecommunications Network Alternatives

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Telecommunications Network Alternatives

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A Telecommunications Network Model

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A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Consists

of five basic components

Terminals

Any input/output device that uses telecommunication networks to transmit or receive data

Telecommunication

processors

Support data transmission and reception between terminals and computers

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A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Telecommunications

channels

The medium over which data are transmitted and received Interconnected by telecommunications networks

Computers

Telecommunications

control software

Control telecommunications activities & manage the functions of telecommunications networks

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

Wide

Area Networks (WAN)

a large geographic area.

Cover

Local

Area Networks (LAN)

Connect

computers & other information processing devices within a limited physical area. Connected via ordinary telephone wiring, coaxial cable, or wireless radio & infrared systems

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Virtual
A

Private Networks

secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but relies on fire walls and other security features

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Client/Server
Clients

Networks

end user PCs or NCs Server helps with application processing and also manages the network

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

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Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued)

Network
the

computing

network is the computer

Thin clients process small application programs called applets.

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A Telecommunications Network Model (continued)

Peer-to-Peer
Two

(P2P)

major models

Central server architecture Pure peer-to-peer

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Telecommunications Media
Twisted-pair wire Coaxial cable

Minimizes interference and distortion Allows high-speed data transmission Glass fiber that conducts pulses of light generated by lasers Size and weight reduction Increased speed and carrying capacity

Fiber optics

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Wireless Technologies
Terrestrial

Microwave

Line-of-sight

path between relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles apart.

Communications
Geosynchronous

Satellites

orbits Serve as relay stations for communications signals transmitted from earth stations

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Wireless Technologies (continued)

Cellular
Each

& PCS Systems

cell is typically from one to several square miles in area. Each cell has its own low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna. Computers & other communications processors coordinate & control the transmissions to/from mobile users as they move from one cell to another

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M-commerce

Transactions and non-transaction functions over wireless networks Growth due to:

Newer and smaller technologies More mobile populations Deregulation of telecommunication markets Less costly infrastructure than wired alternative

Slower to grow in US than Europe and Asia

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M-commerce

Issues
Relatively slow transmission speeds Screen size Battery technology

PDA and smart phone

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Cellular Networks

Overlapping towers Signal picked up by closest tower and transferred on AMPS standard (TACS in EUROPE) PCS and various alternative standards

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Wireless Application Protocol

WAP forum WAP proxy server Issues in Web service

Requires scaled down sites Low transmission speed Non-compatible WAP versions Lack of good WAP-enabled sites

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I-mode

Wireless Internet service 60% of Japanese market Why so popular?

Lack of easy and based Internet access in Japan Lower PC penetration in Japan Extensive wireless coverage Returns money to website providers

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Personal Area Networks

Connection of computer to peripherals or other computers Connect PDA and desktop computer Several connection methods:
Bluetooth (radio frequency up to 300 feet) IrDA (Infrared) (cheap) Wireless LAN 802.11b wireless Ethernet (more reliable)

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New Generations of Wireless Networks

3G network
Broadband up to 2 Mbps Packet switched Combine prior incompatible system

(agreement on standards)

Virtual home environment

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Telecommunications Processors
Modems

(modulation/demodulation)

Changes

signals from analog to digital and back to analog

Multiplexers
Allows

a single communication channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals

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Telecommunications Processors (continued)

Internetwork
Switches

Processors

Makes connections between telecomm circuits so a message can reach its intended destination Interconnects networks based on different rules or protocols

Router

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Telecommunications Processors (continued)

Hub

Port switching communications processor

Gateway

A processor that interconnects networks that use different communications architecture

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Telecommunications Software

Provides

a variety of communications support services including connecting & disconnecting communications links & establishing communications parameters such as transmission speed, mode, and direction.

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Telecommunications Software (continued)

Network
Traffic

Management

management Security Network monitoring Capacity planning

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Network Topologies
Star
Ties

end user computers to a central computer Considered the least reliable

Ring

(sometimes called Token Ring)

Ties

local computer processors together in a ring on a more equal basis. Considered more reliable & less costly

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Network Topologies (continued)

Bus
Local

processors share the same bus, or communications channel Tree is a variation which ties several bus networks together

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Network Topologies (continued)

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Network Architectures & Protocols

Protocols
A

standard set of rules & procedures for the control of communications in a network Standards for the physical characteristics of cables and connectors
Network
Goal

Architecture

is to promote an open, simple, flexible, efficient telecommunications environment

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Network Architectures and Protocols (continued)

OSI

Model

TCP/IP
Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol

Used by the Internet and all intranets and extranets

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Bandwidth Alternatives
Bandwidth

is the frequency range of a telecommunications network Determines the channels maximum transmission rate Measured in bits per second (bps) or baud Narrow-band
Low-speed

transmission transmission

Broadband
High-speed

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Switched Networks

Packet switched and circuit switched Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Frame Relay
Committed information rate Data bursts

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Various speeds and scalability

The Internet